Namuhla sizokhuluma ngomunye wososayensi abamake ngaphambi nangemva emhlabeni we-physics. Ingabe mayelana UWerner Karl Heisenberg. Wayengumuntu ocabangayo kanye nesazi sefiziksi somsuka waseJalimane owasungula imisebenzi ethile ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni i-quantum physics. Waziwa kakhulu ngesimiso sokungaqiniseki, esiholele entuthukweni eminingi ku-physics.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi nge-biography ka-Heisenberg kanye nezinto azenzayo.
I-Heisenberg biography
Lo sosayensi wazalelwa eWürzburg ngoDisemba 5, 1901. Kusukela esemncane wayebandakanyeka kwezemfundo njengoba ubaba wakhe wayenguprofesa wezomlando. Ukuba nothisha emndenini kwenza uHeisenberg waba nentshisekelo emhlabeni wesayensi. Ufunde eNyuvesi yaseMunich waba ngudokotela ngo-1923. Ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe kwakuhambisana nobuntu obubalulekile obuvela emhlabeni we-physics njengoNiels Bohr.
Lo sosayensi uzosebenza njengomsizi ngenxa yomfundaze ovela eRockefeller Foundation. Kwakungo-1927 lapho ekugcineni eqala ukusebenza njengoprofesa eNyuvesi yaseLeipzig. Lapha kule nyuvesi waqala ukufundisa theory physics. Njengoba wayengusolwazi enyuvesi, wandisa nezifundo zakhe nocwaningo ukuze enze amagalelo athile emhlabeni isayensi.
Ngangimazi mathupha u-Albert Einstein ngenkathi esebenza eCopenhagen Institute for Theoretical Physics. Ngalesi sikhathi wayesebenza kakhulu ocwaningweni lwakhe futhi enza imishini ye-matrix. Ngemuva kophenyo oluhlukahlukene, lo mshini we-matrix wamholela ekwakhiweni kwemishini ye-quantum.
Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, ngo-1935 wayefuna ukungena eNyuvesi yaseMunich esikhundleni sikaSommerfield. Le ndoda yayithatha umhlalaphansi ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa ukuqokwa kwayo kwavinjelwa amaNazi. Bakhomba nokuthi iHeisenberg wasebenza nabathumeli abeza abacwaningi abangamaJuda abanjengo-Einstein noNiels Bohr. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni eminingana kamuva wasamukela isicelo samaNazi sokuqondisa ukwakhiwa kwebhomu le-athomu ayephethe kulo njengomqondisi esikhungweni seKaiser Wilhem. Mhlawumbe yimizamo embalwa yokwakha i-reactor yenuzi engaqhuma ngokushesha ukuqhuma, kepha ulwazi lwayo lwalungathuthuki ngokwanele lokho. Ngakho-ke, akakwazanga ukukufeza.
Isimiso sokungaqiniseki saseHeisenberg
Le ndoda yaziwa ngalesi simiso sokungaqiniseki esaba ngumphenyo oluningi. Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakho njengomcwaningi, uphenyo lwakho oluningi belungaholela ekwakhiweni kwezikhali zenuzi, yize engakwenzanga ngezizathu zokuziphatha. Ucwaningo lwakhe olubaluleke kakhulu kwaba ukwakhiwa komgomo wokungaqiniseki. Lesi simiso sisetshenziswe abanye ososayensi kuze kube namuhla.
Umgomo kaHeisenberg wokungaqiniseki ukhombisa ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukwazi kahle isikhathi nesimo se-athomu. Ngokusungula lezi zitatimende, waveza ezinye izindlela ezihlobene nobukhulu, isikhathi namandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwazile ukuguqula ezinye izihloko zemibono ye-classical eyayisekelwe ekuqinisekisweni kwe-physics. Ngokubheka ukuthi ama-athomu akha izakhiwo ahamba ngokuqhubekayo, akunakwenzeka ukunquma isikhundla sazo ngqo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uHeisenberg, ngokususelwa ku-quantum physics, ingachaza ukubumbana okubukekayo kwe-athomu ye-hydrogen ne-helium athomu. Ngenxa yalezi zifundo wazuza uMklomelo KaNobel kuPhysics ngo-1932. i-astronautics njengoba abikezela ukuba khona kwe-hydrogen ezifundeni ezimbili. Enye yazo yayiyi-orthohydrogen kanti enye yayiyi-parahydrogen. Kokubili kuhlobene nendlela yokuhamba ethathwe ama-nuclei ama-athomu.
Ukusebenza Epsilon
Ngemuva kokuphela kwempi, uHeisenberg waboshwa kanye nabanye ososayensi baseJalimane epulazini elibizwa ngeFarm Hall eNgilandi. Inhloso enkulu yokuqasha kwakuwukuthola ukuthi imisebenzi yokwakha izikhali ze-athomu ithuthuke kangakanani. Ngemuva kokuqhuma kwebhomu laseHiroshima, uHeisenberg unikeze ezinye iziboshwa inkulumo ukuze zichaze inani eliqondile le-uranium ebelidingeka ukwenza ibhomu elinjalo.
Njengoba babebeke imibhobho eminingi efihliwe endlini yonke, kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi uHeisenberg wayazi ukuthi ingakanani i-uranium ayeyidinga ukuze enze isikhali senuzi kodwa wayengafuni ukwenza kanjalo ngenxa yezizathu zokuziphatha.
Ukuthunyelwa komgomo wokungaqiniseki
Ukwakhiwa komgomo wokungaqiniseki kusho ukuthi ukunemba okukhulu kakhulu lapho sazi khona isimo senhlayiya noma ukunemba okuncane sizokwazi ukuthi liyini ijubane lalo futhi okuphambene nalokho. Lo mphumela we-quantum udidekile kaningi ngomphumela wombukeli. Lo mphumela ungasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni eziningi zomzimba kepha akunakwenzeka ukuwubona ngaphandle kokuwuguqula empeleni. Isibonelo salokhu ukuthi Awukwazi ukukala ingcindezi kusondo ngaphandle kokuvumela umoya othile ukuba uphume. Ngeke sazi ingcindezi yamathayi ngqo ngaphambi kokufaka umlomo wombhobho wokuhlanza.
Isimiso sokungaqiniseki sika-Heisenberg sacacisa ukuthi akuhlangene nenqubo yokubuka. Uthe lokhu kungapheli kuwukulahlekelwa okuyisisekelo kwazo zonke izinhlelo ze-quantum, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyabonwa noma cha. Futhi kuwumphumela wokubili okukhona phakathi kwegagasi nezinhlayiyana. Uma kufanele sithi lesi simiso sokungaqiniseki singesinye samafomula angahunyushwa ngokungeyikho kuwo wonke umlando, njengoba sinemithelela ecatshangwayo yefilosofi. Isetshenziswe njenge isivivinyo senkululeko yokuzikhethela futhi njengesivivinyo sethuba lokudalelwa. Isetshenziselwe izinhloso zocingo noma izinjongo ze-parapsychology.
I-athikili lapho azisa khona ngefilosofi yama-indeterminist eyaqala ngo-1927, yasho okulandelayo:
"Ekubunjweni okunamandla komthetho oyimbangela" Uma sazi kahle manje, singabikezela ikusasa, "akusona isiphetho, kodwa kunalokho umbono ongamanga. Ngeke sazi, ngenxa yezizathu zomthetho, okwamanje kuyo yonke imininingwane yayo.
Ekugcineni, uHeisenberg wafa ngo-February 1976.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nale Heisenberg nokusebenzisa kwakhe.