Iqembu i-hydroxyl Yakhiwa i-athomu ye-oxygen ne-athomu ye-hydrogen futhi ifana ne-molecule yamanzi. Ingatholakala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali njengeqembu, i-ion noma i-radical. Kubo bonke abafunda i-organic chemistry, ukuqonda ukusabela nokubaluleka kwaleli qembu lama-athomu kubalulekile. Futhi iyakwazi ukwenza izibopho ezibalulekile nge-athomu ye-carbon, nakuba ingenza kanjalo ngesulfure ne-phosphorus.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ngezici zeqembu le-hydroxyl kanye nokubaluleka kwalo kumakhemikhali wezinto eziphilayo.
Izici eziyinhloko
Uma sihlaziya iqembu le-hydroxyl ngokombono we-inorganic chemistry, sibona ukuthi libamba iqhaza kakhulu njenge-ion. Okusho ukuthi, uhlobo lwesibopho esikhona phakathi kwalo nezinsimbi alukho covalent, kodwa ionic. Ngenxa yalokhu, iqembu le-hydroxyl seliyinto ebalulekile esiza ukuchaza izakhiwo nokuguqulwa kwamakhompiyutha amaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kumongo we-hydroxyl kukhemistri yemvelo kanye nomthelela wayo emkhathini, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ihlobana kanjani nokuziphatha kwezinye izinhlanganisela, kanye nomthelela we-methane ekufudumaleni komhlaba.
Iqembu le-hydroxyl lixhunywe ku-radical echazwa ngohlamvu R uma iyi-alkyl noma ngohlamvu u-Ar uma inephunga elimnandi. Okufundwa kakhulu kwisayensi yilokho iqembu le-hydroxyl elinikela ku-molecule exhunywe kuyo. Impendulo enembe kakhulu isesifundweni samaphrothoni ayo. Futhi ama-proton angasuswa ngezisekelo eziqinile ukuze enze usawoti. Lokhu kungase futhi kuhlanganyele namanye amaqembu azungezile axhunywe elinye nelinye ngamabhondi e-hydrogen. Ngaphezu kwalokho, into ebaluleke kakhulu ngeqembu le-hydroxyl ukuthi, noma ngabe ikuphi, ingamela isifunda esingaba khona sokwakheka kwamanzi.
Isakhiwo seqembu le-hydroxyl
Iqembu le-hydroxyl seliphenduke i-molecule ethokozisayo ngokombono we-organic chemistry. I-molecule yamanzi inomumo we-angular futhi ifana ne-boomerang. Uma sisika enye yeziphetho zayo, okusho okufanayo nokususa i-proton, izimo ezahlukahlukene zingenzeka. Imolekyuli yamanzi iguqula ibe yi-hydroxyl radical noma i-hydroxyl ion. Kodwa-ke, womabili ane-geometry eqondile yamangqamuzana futhi awekho kugesi.
Zonke lezi zibopho zidalwe ukuthi ziqondiswe kuma-athomu amabili ukuze zihlale ziqondile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Okufanayo akwenzeki nge-hybrid orbitals. Isihluthulelo seqembu le-hydroxyl likwazi ukuvumela ama-molecule ahlukene ukuthi ahlangane namanye isidingo samabhondi e-hydrogen. Lezi zibopho ze-hydrogen azinamandla ngokwazo, kodwa njengoba inani lemithombo kanye nenani lamaqembu e-hydroxyl esakhiweni sanda, imiphumela iyanda. Lokhu kwanda kwenani lamabhondi e-hydrogen kubonakala futhi ezintweni ezibonakalayo ze-compound.
Amabhondi e-Hydrogen adinga ukuthi ama-athomu abekwe ngokuphambene. Kunama-athomu athile omoya-mpilo eqembu le-hydroxyl okumele abekwe ngendlela yokuthi akwazi ukukhiqiza umugqa oqondile ne-hydrogen yeqembu lesibili. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kodwa kwenzeka kaningi. Ngale ndlela, kuphakama izinhlelo eziqondile zendawo, njenge kwenzekani ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo se-molecule ye-DNA. Lokhu kwenzeka phakathi kwezisekelo ezine-nitrogen ezakha i-DNA.
Singabiza inani lamaqembu e-hydroxyl isakhiwo esilingana ngqo nobumbano lwamanzi lwe-molecule. Sizobeka isibonelo ukuze siyiqonde kangcono. Yize ushukela unesakhiwo se-hydrophobic carbon, ngoba unenani elikhulu lamaqembu e-hydroxyl, kwenza kuncibilike kakhulu emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kweqembu le-hydroxyl nokuzinza kokukhishwa kwegesi endaweni.
Ama-ion nemisebenzi yawo
Iqembu le-hydroxyl ne-ion zifana kakhulu, kodwa zinezici zamakhemikhali ezihlukene. I-hydroxyl ion iyisisekelo esiqine ngokwedlulele futhi isebenza ngokubamba ama-proton. Uma siyiphoqa, ingaphenduka amanzi. Futhi lena i-molecule yamanzi engaphelele ekhokhiswa kabi futhi idinga i-proton ukuze igcwaliswe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kusukela iqembu hydroxyl Ayidingi ukubamba ama-proton ukuze iqedele, iziphatha njengesisekelo esibuthakathaka kakhulu. Iyakwazi ukunikela ngama-proton yize ikwenza lokho kuphela ngokumelene nezisekelo ezinamandla kakhulu.
Ama-nuclei amahle ama-athomu ku-molecule ehlushwa ukushoda kwe-elekthronikhi ngenxa yemvelo yawo ye-electronegative. Ngalo mqondo, ukuqonda imisebenzi yeqembu le-hydroxyl kubalulekile ukuze kuhlaziywe indima yalo ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okuyinkimbinkimbi. Maqondana nalokhu, kuyathakazelisa ukucabangela ukusabela komkhathi.
Iqembu le-Hydroxyl ne-meteorology
Siyazi ukuthi isebenza njengohlobo lwesihlanzi esisemoyeni esidiliza amanye amagesi. Iqembu le-hydroxyl liwukulawula okuyinhloko kokuhlushwa kwe-methane. I-Methane gas iyigesi ebamba ukushisa eyeqiwa kuphela ekugxilweni kwayo i-carbon dioxide ekubambeni kwayo ekushiseni komhlaba. Nakuba igesi ye-methane itholakala ngamanani amancane emkhathini, iyakwazi ukugcina ukushisa okukhulu kune-carbon dioxide. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukufunda i-hydroxyl ku-organic chemistry kanye nomthelela wayo emkhathini.
Kukhona ucwaningo olusha oluholwa ngumuntu osebenza ngemuva kwe-NASA okhombisile ukuthi ama-hydroxyl radicals ayaziphinda futhi bayakwazi ukugcina isimo somoya esihlala njalo. Lokhu kugxila kugcinwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, nakuba ukukhishwa kwe-methane kuyanda. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda indima ye-hydroxyl kubalulekile ekuqondeni ubude bempilo ye-methane nomkhathi. Kunomthelela omkhulu kukhemistri yesimo sezulu.
Ososayensi baveze ukuthi ukwanda kokugxila kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi ye-methane kungabangela ukuthi ukunikezwa kwama-hydroxyl radicals kuqedwe emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu kunganweba ukuphila okusebenzisekayo kwe-methane, inkinga engangeza ekufudumaleni komhlaba. Ngokwenza isikhathi sokuphila kwe-methane sibe side, ngeke sibe nalutho lokuhlanza umkhathi ngalo. Imithombo eyinhloko ye-hydroxyl ne-methane nendlela esabela ngayo iye yabonwa. Ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha kwaleli qembu kwenzeka ngemuva kokubola kwe-methane bese kuba nezinguquko phambi kwamanye amagesi. Ukugxilwa kwe-Hydroxyl kuzinzile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Akufanele zinyamalale lapho iphendula nge-methane.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana neqembu le-hydroxyl nakho konke ukubaluleka kwalo.