Namuhla sizokhuluma ngelinye lamagatsha e-geology eligxile ocwaningweni lwamadwala, imvelaphi yawo, ukwakheka kwawo, kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba namakhemikhali, kanye nokusatshalaliswa koqweqwe lomhlaba. Leli gatsha le-geology libizwa nge-petrology. Itemu elithi petrology livela egameni elithi petro elisho itshe kanye namalogo okusho isifundo. Kukhona umehluko nge-lithology, egxile ekubunjweni kwamadwala endaweni ethile. Kwi-petrology sifunda i i-petrogenesis. Imayelana nemvelaphi yamatshe.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela zonke izici, imvelaphi kanye nezifundo ze-petrogenesis.
Izici eziyinhloko
I-Petrology ihlukaniswe ngezindawo eziningana ezikhethekile ngokuya ngohlobo lwedwala elizofundwa. Ngakho-ke, kunamagatsha amabili okuhlukaniswa kwezifundo lokho yi-petrology yamadwala ase-sedimentary kanye ne-petrology yamadwala angama-igneous kanye ne-metamorphic. Eyokuqala yaziwa ngokuthi i-exogenous petrology futhi eyesibili ngokuthi i-endogenous petrology. Kukhona namanye amagatsha ahluka ngokuya ngenhloso ehlongozwayo yocwaningo lwamatshe. Kukhona futhi uhlobo lwe-petrography lokuchazwa kwamadwala kanye ne- i-petrogenesis ukucacisa umsuka wayo.
I-Petrogenesis iyisici esibalulekile njengoba iwukwakheka kanye nemvelaphi yamadwala. Kukhona futhi enye i-petrology esetshenziswayo egxile ezintweni eziphilayo zamadwala. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuqonda okuphelele kwezakhiwo zamatshe ebhayoloji kungasetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi ezibalulekile, njengokwakhiwa kanye nokukhipha izinsiza kubantu.
Ngakho-ke, leli gatsha lesayensi libaluleke kakhulu kusukela lapho idwala lakha ukusekelwa okuyisisekelo kwazo zonke izakhiwo zomzimba womuntu. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukwakheka, imvelaphi, kanye nokwakheka kwamatshe esifaka kuwo futhi sakhe ingqalasizinda yethu. Ngaphambi kokwenza noma yiluphi uhlobo lokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, ingqalasizinda, njll., isifundo sokuqala sezinhlobo zamatshe akhona phansi kwesakhiwo kufanele senziwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuncipha okungenzeka, izikhukhula, izinhlekelele, ukuwa, njll. Amadwala nawo ayimpahla ebalulekile ebalulekile emisebenzini eminingi yabantu yezimboni. Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezinhlobo ezahlukene zamatshe kulesi sihloko mayelana izinhlobo zamadwala.
Umsuka we-petrology ne-petrogenesis
Intshisekelo emadwaleni ibilokhu ikhona kumuntu. Kuyinto ehlala njalo emvelweni yemvelo eyenze ubuchwepheshe bathuthuka kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi komlando. Amathuluzi okuqala omuntu ayenziwe ngamatshe futhi anikeza iminyaka yonke. Kuyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Stone Age. Iminikelo yokwazi ukusetshenziswa kwamatshe iqhubekele phambili kakhulu eChina, eGreece nakwisiko lama-Arab. Izwe lasentshonalanga liqhakambisa imibhalo ka-Aristotle lapho bekhuluma khona ngokusetshenziswa kwabo.
Nokho, nakuba abantu bebelokhu besebenza nomhlaba kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi komlando, umsuka we-petrology njengesayensi uhlobene eduze nomsuka we-geology. I-Geology iyinhloko yesayensi futhi yahlanganiswa ngekhulu le-18 lapho yonke imigomo yayo iqala ukusungulwa. I-Petrology iyimpikiswano yesayensi eyathuthukiswa ngemvelaphi yamatshe. Ngale mpikiswano, kwavela izinhlangothi ezimbili, ezaziwa ngamaNeptunist kanye namaPlutonists.
AmaNeptunist yilabo abaphikisa ngokuthi amadwala avela ku sedimentation of sediment and crystallization of minerals from the ocean yasendulo eyayimboze yonke iplanethi. Ngalesi sizathu, baziwa ngegama lamaNeptunist, bebhekisa kuNkulunkulu wamaRoma wolwandle iNeptune. Ngakolunye uhlangothi sinoPlutonists. Bacabanga ukuthi umsuka wamatshe uqala kusuka kumagma ezingxenyeni ezijulile zeplanethi yethu ezibangelwa amazinga okushisa aphezulu. Igama lamaPlutonists livela kuNkulunkulu wamaRoma uPluto.
Ulwazi lwesimanje kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kusivumela ukuba siqonde ukuthi zombili izikhundla zingaba nencazelo mayelana neqiniso. Amadwala e-Sedimentary avela ngezinqubo ezihlobene nemibono ephethwe amaNeptunist, kuyilapho amadwala angenalutho, intaba-mlilo, i-plutonic, kanye ne-metamorphic anomsuka wawo ezinqubweni ezihambisana nezimpikiswano zama-plutonists. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokwakheka kwamadwala, ungavakashela i-athikili ku amadwala akheka kanjani.
Izifundo zePetrology
Uma sesiwuqondisile umsuka nezindlela ezehlukene ze-petrology, ake sibheke izinhloso zocwaningo. Ihlanganisa yonke imvelaphi yamatshe nakho konke okuphathelene nezakhiwo zawo. Zihlanganisa imvelaphi, izinqubo ezizikhiqizayo, indawo e-lithosphere lapho zakha khona, kanye neminyaka yazo. Futhi inesibopho sokutadisha izingxenye kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba namakhemikhali zamadwala. Indawo yokugcina yokufunda, engabalulekile kangako, yile ukusatshalaliswa kanye ne-petrogenesis yamadwala asoqweqweni loMhlaba.
Ngaphakathi kwe-petrology, i-petrogenesis yamadwala angaphandle komhlaba nayo iyacwaningwa. Onke lawo matshe avela emkhathini. Eqinisweni, amatshe avela kuma-meteorite nasenyangeni okwamanje asacwaningwa. Lokhu kubandakanya ucwaningo mayelana ama-asteroid okungaba yizicucu zenyanga.
Izinhlobo ze-petrogenesis
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, kunamagatsha amaningana ale sayensi futhi ahlukaniswa ngezinqubo ze-petrogenesis ezi-3 ezibangela amadwala: amatshe e-sedimentary, igneous kanye ne-metamorphic. Ngakho-ke, kuye ngendawo yemvelaphi yohlobo ngalunye lwamadwala, kunamagatsha amabili we-petrology:
- Okuvamile: Kunomthwalo wemfanelo wokufunda ngawo wonke lawo matshe asuka ezingqimbeni ezingashoni kakhulu zoqweqwe loMhlaba. Okusho ukuthi, inesibopho sokucwaninga amatshe e-sedimentary. Lezi zinhlobo zamadwala zakhiwa ukucindezelwa kwezinsalela ngemuva kokubekwa kwazo kanye nokuthuthwa ngama-geological agents afana nemvula nomoya. Lezi zinsalela zifakwa ezigidini zeminyaka. Kwenzeka kakhulu ezindaweni eziphakeme eziphansi njengamachibi nolwandle. Futhi izingqimba ezilandelanayo zichoboza futhi zicindezele ama-sediments phakathi nezigidi zeminyaka. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezici zama-sedimentary rocks, ungaphuthelwa yisihloko amadwala sedimentary.
- Okungapheli: Unomthwalo wemfanelo wokutadisha izinhlobo zamatshe akha ezingqimbeni ezijulile zoqweqwe lomhlaba kanye nesiphuku. Lapha sinamadwala avuthayo, kokubili intaba-mlilo kanye ne-plutonic, namadwala e-metamorphic. Endabeni yamadwala e-igneous, akhuphuka ngenxa yokucindezela kwangaphakathi ngokusebenzisa imifantu kanye namadwala apholile, akha amatshe. Uma zifika phezulu zivela ekuqhumeni kwentaba-mlilo, zingamadwala entaba-mlilo, okuchazwa ngokuqhubekayo esihlokweni esithi. amatshe angenalutho. Uma zenziwa ngaphakathi, zingamatshe e-plutonic. Amatshe e-Metamorphic avela emadwaleni angenalutho noma e-sedimentary abe ngaphansi kokucindezela okukhulu kanye namazinga okushisa. Zingamadwala azo zombili izinhlobo ezakha ekujuleni okukhulu. Zonke lezi zimo zenza izinguquko ekwakhekeni nasekubunjweni kwayo.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi nge-petrogenesis nezinhlobo zayo.