Isethelayithi ye-Sentinel-6

Isathelayithi yokubuka umhlaba ethuthuke kakhulu emhlabeni yethulwe eVandenberg Air Force Base eCalifornia. Umphumela wobambiswano oluyingqophamlando phakathi kwe-United States ne-Europe, isathelayithi I-Sentinel-6 U-Michael Freilich uzokwethula umkhankaso weminyaka emihlanu nesigamu wokuqoqa imininingwane enembile ngamazinga olwandle nokuthi ulwandle lwethu lukhuphuka kanjani ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Umgomo uzophinde uqoqe idatha enembile yokushisa komkhathi kanye nomswakama, ezosiza ukuthuthukisa izibikezelo zesimo sezulu namamodeli wesimo sezulu.

Kulesi sihloko sizochaza konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nesathelayithi ye-Sentinel-6, izici zayo nokubaluleka kwayo.

Izici eziyinhloko

Lesi sathelayithi siqanjwe ngoDkt. Michael Freilich, owayengumqondisi we-NASA's Earth Sciences Division, ummeli ongakhathali wokuthuthuka ezilinganisweni zesathelayithi yolwandle. I-Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich yakhela phezu kwefa le-European Space Agency's (ESA) umkhankaso we-Copernicus Sentinel-3 kanye nefa le-TOPEX/Poseidon kanye ne-Jason-1, 2 kanye nezi-3 zamasathelayithi okubona izinga lolwandle. Yethulwe ngo-2016, i-Jason-3 iyaqhubeka nokuhlinzeka ngedatha yochungechunge lwesikhathi kusukela ekuqaphelisweni kwe-TOPEX/Poseidon kwango-1992.

Eminyakeni engu-30 edlule, idatha evela kulawa masathelayithi isiphenduke indinganiso eqinile yokufunda izinga lolwandle usuka emkhathini. U-Sentinel-6 udadewabo kaMichael Freilich, u-Sentinel-6B, kuhlelwe ukuthi yethulwe ngo-2025 futhi iqhubeke nezilinganiso okungenani iminyaka emihlanu. Ukuze uqonde ukubaluleka kwale datha, ungathintana nolwazi olumayelana nayo imiphumela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kukalwa emkhathini.

"Lo mlando oqhubekayo wokubheka ubalulekile ekuhlonzeni ukuphakama kwezinga lolwandle nokuqonda izici ezinomthelela," kusho uKaren Saint-Germain, umqondisi we-NASA's Earth Sciences Division. “Ngo-Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich, siqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zilinganiso zithuthuka ngobuningi nangokunemba. Lo msebenzi uhlonipha usosayensi nomholi ovelele futhi uzoqhubeka nefa likaMike lokuthuthukisa ucwaningo lwasolwandle."

Isiza kanjani i-Sentinel-6

Ngakho-ke uSentinel-6 Michael Freilich uzosiza kanjani ekuthuthukiseni ukuqonda kwethu ulwandle nesimo sezulu? Nazi izinto ezinhlanu okufanele uzazi:

I-Sentinel-6 izohlinzeka ngolwazi kososayensi

Amasathelayithi azohlinzeka ngolwazi oluzosiza ososayensi baqonde ukuthi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kulushintsha kanjani ugu loMhlaba nokuthi kwenzeka ngokushesha kangakanani. Ulwandle nomkhathi womhlaba akuhlukaniseki. Ulwandle lumunca ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-90 okushisa Komhlaba ngokufaka amagesi abamba ukushisa, okubangela ukwanda kwamanzi olwandle. Okwamanje, lokhu kwanda kubangela cishe ingxenye yesithathu yokuphakama kwezinga lolwandle, kuyilapho amanzi aphuma ezingcwecweni zeqhwa nezinguzunga zeqhwa abala okunye.

Izinga lokukhuphuka kwezilwandle liye lakhula ngesivinini kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, futhi ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi lizokhula ngesivinini esikhulu eminyakeni ezayo. Ukukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle kuzoshintsha ugu futhi kwandise izikhukhula eziqhutshwa yiziphepho. Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi ukukhuphuka kwamazinga olwandle kuzobathinta kanjani abantu, ososayensi badinga amarekhodi esimo sezulu esikhathi eside, futhi uSentinel-6 Michael Freilich uzosiza ekunikezeni lawo marekhodi. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lokukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle lubalulekile, njengoba kuboniswe endabeni ye Ishalofu leqhwa likaLarsen C e-Antarctica.

"I-Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich iyingqopha-mlando ekulinganisweni kwezinga lolwandle," kusho uJosh Willis, usosayensi wephrojekthi e-NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory eSouthern California, ephethe iminikelo ye-NASA kulo mkhankaso. "Kungokokuqala ngqa ukuthi senze ngempumelelo amasathelayithi amaningi athathe iminyaka eyishumi egcwele, sibona ukuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle kuwumkhuba waphakade."

Bazobona izinto ohambweni lwangaphambilini lwezinga lolwandle olungakwazanga

Kusukela ngo-2001, ekuqaphelweni kwezinga lolwandle, uchungechunge lwamasathelayithi e-Jason lukwazile ukuqapha izici ezinkulu zolwandle njenge-Gulf Stream kanye nemicimbi yesimo sezulu efana ne-El Niño ne-La Niña ehlanganisa izinkulungwane zamamayela.

Nokho, irekhodi izinguquko ezincane ezingeni olwandle eduze nezindawo ezisogwini ukuthi kungase kuthinte ukuhamba kwemikhumbi futhi ukudoba ngenjongo yokuthengisa kusengaphezu kwamandla akho.

I-Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich izoqoqa izilinganiso zokulungiswa okuphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuzobandakanya ubuchwepheshe obusha bensimbi ye-Advanced Microwave Radiometer-C (AMR-C), okuzothi, kanye ne-radar altimeter ye-radar ye-Poseidon IV, kuzovumela abacwaningi ukuthi bafunde izici zolwandle ezincane, eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi eduze nogu. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu uma sibheka umthelela wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke, ongahlaziywa ngezibonelo ezifana nalezi i-Larsen C Ice Shelf.

I-Sentinel-6 yakhela phezu kobambiswano oluyimpumelelo phakathi kwe-US ne-Europe

I-Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich iyimishini yokuqala ehlangene ye-NASA ne-ESA Earth yesayensi yesathelayithi kanye nokubamba iqhaza kokuqala kwamazwe ngamazwe e-Copernicus, uhlelo lwe-European Union's Earth observation. Kuqhutshwa isiko elide lokusebenzisana phakathi kwe-NASA, i-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), kanye nabalingani babo base-Europe, okuhlanganisa i-ESA, i-European Organization for the Development of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), kanye neFrench Space Research Centre (CNES).

Ukusebenzisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kunikeza iqoqo elikhulu lolwazi nezinsiza zesayensi kunalokho okungahlinzekwa ngakunye. Ososayensi bashicilele izinkulungwane zamaphepha emfundo esebenzisa idatha yezinga lolwandle eqoqwe uchungechunge lwemishini yesathelayithi yaseMelika neyaseYurophu eqala ngokwethulwa kwe-TOPEX/Poseidon ngo-1992.

Izokwenza ngcono ukuqondwa kokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu

Ngokwandisa irekhodi lomhlaba wonke ledatha yezinga lokushisa lomoya, umgomo uzosiza ososayensi bathuthukise ukuqonda ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu soMhlaba. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu akuthinti kuphela izilwandle kanye nomhlaba, kodwa kuphinde kuthinte umkhathi kuwo wonke amazinga, kusukela ku-troposphere kuya ku-stratosphere. Amathuluzi esayensi agibele i-Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich isebenzisa indlela ebizwa ngokuthi i-radio occultation ukukala izici ezibonakalayo zomkhathi woMhlaba.

I-Global Navigation Satellite Radio Concealment System (GNSS-RO) iyithuluzi elilandelela amasignali omsakazo asuka kwamanye amasathelayithi okuzulazula azungeza Umhlaba. Ngokombono we-Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich, lapho isathelayithi iwela ngaphansi komkhathizwe (noma iphakama), isignali yayo yomsakazo ihamba emkhathini. Ngokwenza lokho, isignali iyancipha, imvamisa iyashintsha, namajika endlela. Ososayensi bangasebenzisa lo mphumela, obizwa ngokuthi i-refraction, ukukala izinguquko ezincane ekuminyana, izinga lokushisa, nomswakama womkhathi.

Uma abacwaningi bengeza lolu lwazi kudatha ekhona evela kumathuluzi afanayo asebenza esikhaleni okwamanje, bazokwazi ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi isimo sezulu soMhlaba sishintsha kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kubalulekile ekuqondeni umthelela wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu emkhathini, into engabonwa ezifundweni ezihlobene nakho Cape Horn kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

"Njengezilinganiso zesikhathi eside zezinga lolwandle, sidinga izilinganiso zesikhathi eside zomkhathi oshintshayo ukuze siqonde kangcono yonke imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu," kusho u-Chi Ao, usosayensi we-GNSS-RO wensimbi e-Air Propulsion Laboratory. Jet. "Ukubhula ngomsakazo kuyindlela enembe kakhulu nenembayo."

Izibikezelo zesimo sezulu ezithuthukisiwe

I-Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich izosiza ukuthuthukisa izibikezelo zesimo sezulu ngokunikeza izazi zezulu ulwazi mayelana nezinga lokushisa lomoya kanye nomswakama.

I-altimeter ye-radar yesathelayithi izoqoqa izilinganiso zezimo ezingaphezulu kolwandle, okuhlanganisa ukuphakama kwamagagasi abalulekile, futhi idatha evela kumathuluzi e-GNSS-RO izohambisana nokubhekwa komkhathi. Inhlanganisela yalezi zilinganiso izonikeza izazi zezulu ulwazi olwengeziwe ukuze zithuthukise izibikezelo zazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwazi mayelana nezinga lokushisa lomoya kanye nomswakama, kanye nezinga lokushisa lolwandle, luzosiza ukugcwalisa ukwakheka kweziphepho namamodeli wokuziphendukela kwemvelo.