Emhlabeni we-physics kukhona igatsha elibhekele ukutadisha ukuguqulwa okukhiqizwa ukushisa nokusebenza kohlelo. Imayelana ne- i-thermodynamics. Kuyigatsha le-physics elicwaninga zonke izinguquko eziwumphumela wezinqubo ezibandakanya izinguquko eziguquguqukayo zesimo sakho kokubili izinga lokushisa namandla ezingeni le-macroscopic. Ukuze ujule kulesi sihloko, ungathintana ne imigomo ye-thermodynamics futhi i amasistimu weyunithi yokushisa.
Kule ndatshana sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana ne-thermodynamics kanye nemigomo ye-thermodynamics.
Izici eziyinhloko
Uma senza ukuhlaziywa kwe-classical thermodynamics siyabona ukuthi kusekelwe kumqondo wohlelo lwe-macroscopic. Lolu hlelo aluyilutho oludlula ingxenye yesisindo somzimba noma somqondo esihlukaniswe nemvelo yangaphandle. Ukuze ufunde kangcono izinhlelo ze-thermodynamic, kuhlala kucatshangwa ukuthi kuyisisindo somzimba esingaphazanyiswa ukushintshaniswa kwamandla ne-ecosystem yangaphandle.
Isimo sohlelo lwe-macroscopic siyini ngaphansi kwezimo zokulingana icaciswa ngamanani abizwa ngokuguquguquka kwe-thermodynamic. Siyazazi zonke lezi ziguquguqukayo futhi izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi, umthamo kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali. Zonke lezi ziguquguqukayo yizo ezichaza amasistimu nokulingana kwawo. Amanothi amakhulu asetshenziswa ku-chemical thermodynamics asungulwe ngenxa yenyunyana yamazwe ngamazwe esetshenziswayo. Ngala mayunithi ungasebenza futhi uchaze kangcono umthetho we-thermodynamics. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isifundo se- entropy nayo ibalulekile kule ndawo.
Kodwa-ke, kukhona igatsha le-thermodynamics elingafundi ukulingana, kepha elibhekele ukuhlaziya izinqubo ze-thermodynamic ezibonakala kakhulu ukungabi namandla okufeza izimo zokulingana ngendlela ezinzile. Lokhu kuhlobene nokubaluleka kokuqonda ukuziphatha kwe imijikelezo ye-thermodynamic kulezi zinqubo.
Imithetho
Izimiso zalahlwa phakathi nekhulu le-19 futhi yilezo Baphethe ukulawula zonke izinguquko kanye nenqubekela phambili yabo. Baphinde bahlaziye ukuthi iyini imingcele yangempela ukuze babe nombono weqiniso. Angama-axiom angeke afakazelwe kodwa angenabufakazi ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho. Yonke ithiyori ye-thermodynamics isekelwe kulezi zimiso. Singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izimiso eziyisisekelo ezingu-3 kanye nomgomo onguziro, ochaza izinga lokushisa futhi osobala kwezinye izimiso ezi-3.
Umthetho we-Zero
Ake sichaze lo mthetho weqanda, okungowokuqala onesibopho sokuchaza izinga lokushisa elibekwe sobala kuyo yonke eminye imigomo. Uma amasistimu amabili esebenzisana namanye futhi esekulinganisweni kokushisa, abelana ngezinye zezakhiwo. Lezi zakhiwo ababelana ngazo zingalinganiswa futhi zinikezwe inani lenombolo. Ngenxa yalokho, uma lezi zinhlelo ezimbili zilingana nengxenye yesithathu, zizolingana futhi impahla eyabiwayo izinga lokushisa.
Ngakho-ke, lesi simiso se-zero simane sisho ukuthi uma Umzimba A ubusekulinganisweni nomzimba B futhi lo mzimba B usekulinganisweni kokushisa nomzimba C, bese imizimba A no-C nayo izoba ekulinganeni. ezishisayo. Lesi simiso sisiza ukuqonda ukushintshana kokushisa phakathi kwemizimba emazingeni okushisa ahlukene. Kulabo abafisa ukuqonda kangcono le mithetho, ngincoma ukuthi uvakashele ikhasi le amagatsha e-physics.
Umthetho wokuqala weThermodynamics
Lapho umzimba uhlanganiswa nomzimba obandayo, ukuguqulwa kwenzeka okuholela esimweni sokulingana. Lesi simo sokulinganisa sisekelwe ekushiseni kwemizimba emibili elinganayo, njengoba ukudluliswa kwamandla kwenzeka phakathi komzimba oshisayo nomzimba obandayo. Ukuchaza lesi simo, ososayensi bacabange ukuthi into eshisayo ekhona ngamanani amakhulu izodlulela emzimbeni obandayo. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi uketshezi lwalukwazi ukuhamba phakathi kwenqwaba ukuze lushintshe ukushisa.
Lesi simiso sinesibopho sokuhlonza ukushisa njengendlela yamandla. Akuyona into ebonakalayo. Ngale ndlela, kwakungenzeka ukukhombisa ukuthi ukushisa, okulinganiswa ngamakholori, nomsebenzi, olinganiswa ngama-joules, kuyalingana. Ngakho-ke, siyakwazi namuhla lokho Ikholori eli-1 licishe libe ama-joule angama-4,186.
Kungashiwo ukuthi isimiso sokuqala se-thermodynamics yisimiso sokulondoloza amandla. Inani lamandla enjini yokushisa liguqulwa libe umsebenzi futhi awukho umshini ongakhiqiza umsebenzi onjalo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amandla. Singasungula lesi simiso sokuqala ngokuthi: ukuhluka kwamandla angaphakathi esistimu ye-thermodynamic evaliwe ilingana nomehluko phakathi kokushisa okunikezwa ohlelweni nomsebenzi owenziwe yisistimu eshiwo endaweni ezungezile.
Umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics
Lesi simiso sibeka ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukwenza umshini we-cyclic onomphumela wawo kuphela ukudluliselwa kokushisa okuvela emzimbeni obandayo kuya emzimbeni ofudumele. Singasho ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukwenza uguquko umphumela wayo uzoba kuphela leyo yokuguqula ukushisa esikukhiphe emthonjeni owodwa kwaba yimishini.
Lesi simiso sinesibopho sokuphika ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba khona kokunyakaza okungapheli okwaziwayo kohlobo lwesibili. Siyazi ukuthi i-entropy yesistimu ihlala yodwa ngaphandle kwezinguquko lapho uguquko oluhlehliswayo lwenzeka. Siyazi futhi ukuthi kuyenyuka lapho uguquko olungenakuhlehliswa lwenzeka.
Umthetho wesithathu we-thermodynamics
Lesi simiso sokugcina sihlobene eduze nesesibili futhi sibhekwa njengomphumela waso. Lo mgomo uthi uziro akanakufinyelelwa ngenani elilinganiselwe lokuguqulwa. Siyazi ukuthi uziro ophelele awulutho ngaphandle kwezinga lokushisa elincane elingafinyelelwa. Ngamayunithi I-Kelvin esiyaziyo ingu-0, kodwa ngamadigri Celsius inenani elingu -273.15 degrees.
Iphinde iqinisekise ukuthi i-entropy yokuqinile ecwebe kahle futhi esezingeni lokushisa elingu-0 Kelvin ilingana no-0. Lokhu kusho ukuthi bekungeke kube khona i-entropy, ngakho-ke uhlelo luzozinza ngokuphelele. Amandla okukhipha, ukuhumusha kanye nokuzungezisa izinhlayiya eziwuqambayo angeke abe lutho ezingeni lokushisa elingu-0 Kelvin.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi nge-thermodynamics nangezimiso eziyisisekelo.