Carbon emvelweni

Emhlabeni wethu kunamagesi ahlukahlukene nezinto ezibalulekile empilweni. Inani lalezi zinto namagesi lincike ekusebenzeni ngakunye nemisebenzi eyenzeka emhlabeni wonke. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngakho ikhabhoni emvelweni. Ikhabhoni ingatholakala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni wethu, njengamafutha, igraphite, idayimane, nokunye. Kuyingxenye yamakhemikhali ethatha indawo yesithupha ku-periodic table futhi ayiyona insimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutadisha kwayo kubalulekile ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwekhabhoni emvelweni kanye nobudlelwano bayo nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Kule ndatshana sizokutshela ngazo zonke izici nokubaluleka kwekhabhoni emvelweni.

Izici eziyinhloko

I-Carbon iyinto yamakhemikhali e-tetravalent. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuyaphunyuka ekusunguleni izibopho zamakhemikhali ezi-4 zama-electron abiwe noma ama-covalent bonds. Yinto enenala enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Inala yayo ilele ukwehluka kwayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ikhona ekwakhekeni kwama-organic compounds futhi inekhono elihlukile lokwakha ama-polymers emazingeni okushisa atholakala emhlabeni wethu. Le yindlela esebenza ngayo njengengxenye kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuphila ezaziwayo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, umthelela wayo ku- ukubaluleka kwekhabhoni emvelweni akunakuphikwa.

Ikhabhoni emvelweni itholakala njengengxenye yamakhemikhali engahlanganisi nezinye izinhlobo. Ngokwengxenye enkulu kuhlanganiswe namakhemikhali ekhabhoni amakhemikhali afana ne-calcium carbonate namanye amakhompiyutha ku-oyela negesi yemvelo. Ingatholakala futhi ngesimo samaminerali ahlukahlukene njenge amalahle, i-lignite ne-peat. Ukubaluleka okukhulu kwekhabhoni ukuthi ikhona kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Imihlume: Isithiyo Semvelo Esibalulekile Esimelana Neziphepho Nezinhlekelele Zemvelo

Itholakala kuphi ikhabhoni emvelweni?

Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, i-carbon emvelweni itholakala kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuphila futhi ikhona ngezindlela eziningana ze-crystalline: idayimane, i-graphite, ne-fulerene. Singabona futhi amanye amafomu amaminerali a-amorphous anamalahle afana ne-lignite, amalahle, i-peat kanye namafomu e-liquid njengezinhlobo ze-petroleum, namafomu e-gaseous njengegesi yemvelo. Ake sibhale ngayinye yazo futhi siyiveze.

Amafomu we-crystalline

Umsizi: Siqinile esinombala omnyama futhi sine-metallic sheen emelana nokushisa. Inesakhiwo se-crystalline njengama-athomu ekhabhoni axhunyaniswe ndawonye ngamabhondi ayisithupha. La ma-athomu ahlanganisiwe akha amashidi.
IDayimane: umsindo onzima kakhulu okwazi ukuvumela ukukhanya kudlule kuwo. Ama-athomu ekhabhoni edayimane ahlanganiswe ngendlela ye-tetrahedral.
Ama-Fullerenes: yizinhlobo zamangqamuzana zekhabhoni ezakha izigaxa ezinama-athomu amaningi kanti ezinye ziseyindilinga ezifana namabhola ebhola.

Amafomu ama-Amorphous

Kulokhu, ama-athomu ekhabhoni awahlanganisi noma akhe isakhiwo esi-oda ngendlela engafanele. Bajwayele ukuba nokungcola okumbalwa nezinye izinto. Ake sihlaziye ukuthi ziyini:

I-Anthracite: Yimaminerali endala kakhulu yamalahle ekhona. Umsuka wawo ubuyele ekuguqulweni kwamatshe okutholwe umphumela wokushisa, ukucindezela kanye nokusebenza kwamakhemikhali oketshezi emvelweni. Zakhiwa ikakhulukazi esikhathini seCarboniferous.
Amalahle: ngamalahle amaminerali akhiwe edwaleni le-sedimentary lemvelaphi engokwemvelo. Ukwakheka kwenzeka ngesikhathi sePaleozoic futhi kumnyama ngombala. Inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto ze-bituminous.
I-Lignite: Yilahle lamalahle ezimbiwa phansi elenziwa ngembiza ngokucindezelwa okuphezulu kwengcindezi.
Peat: Kungumbhalo wemvelaphi ephilayo ovela enkathini ye-Quaternary futhi osanda kwenzeka kakhulu kunamalahle wangaphambilini. Imvamisa ihlukaniswa ngokuba nombala ophuzi onsundu futhi ubukhulu bayo buyisiponji ngobuningi obuphansi. Kusuka emfucumfucwini yezitshalo.
Uwoyela negesi yemvelo: zingamafutha asendulo aziwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Akhiwe ngengxube yezinto eziphilayo, iningi lawo kungama-hydrocarbon. Lawa ma-hydrocarbon akhiwa ngokubola kwebhaktheriya kwe-anaerobic kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngalesi sizathu, ukwakheka kwayo kwenzeka enhlabathini engaphansi ekujuleni okukhulu nangaphansi kwezimo ezikhethekile zomzimba nezamakhemikhali. Le yinqubo eyenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Amapaki emvelo eSpain

Umjikelezo we-biogeochemical wekhabhoni ngokwemvelo

Umjikelezo wekhabhoni uyinqubo ethile futhi ebalulekile yokuphila emhlabeni wethu. Imayelana nokushintshisana kwaleli gesi emhlabeni wonke. Kungashintshwa phakathi i-biosphere, umkhathi, i-lithosphere ne-hydrosphere. Ulwazi lwalo mjikelezo wekhabhoni lusisiza ukuba sikhanyise amathonya abantu kulezi zinhlobo zemijikelezo. Kungakho sinolwazi olubalulekile lwase-Iberia mayelana nesenzo abantu abanaso ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni, into ehlobene nezigigaba ezahlukahlukene njengokuthi imililo yehlathi ezoba yingozi kakhulu.

Futhi ikhabhoni iyakwazi ukuzungeza phakathi kwezilwandle nezinye izidumbu zamanzi. Ingakwazi futhi ukujikeleza phakathi kwenhlabathi engaphansi, inhlabathi, umkhathi kanye ne-biosphere. Ibamba iqhaza ezinqubweni ezifana ne-photosynthesis lapho izitshalo zithatha khona i-carbon etholakala emkhathini ukuze zikhiqize umoya-mpilo ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Le photosynthesis ivumela i-carbon dioxide namanzi axhunywe amandla elanga kanye ne-chlorophyll ekhiqizwa izitshalo ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-carbohydrate noma ushukela. Umoya-mpilo unikezwa njengomkhiqizo wokulahlwa kwalokhu kusabela.

Ikhabhoni iphinde ibe khona ezinqubweni zemvelo ezifana nokuphefumula nokubola. Lezi zinqubo zebhayoloji zinesibopho sokukhulula ikhabhoni endaweni ezungezile ngesimo se-carbon dioxide noma i-methane. I-methane iyohlale ikhona lapho ukubola ungekho umoya-mpilo.

Ikhabhoni emvelweni idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kuzinqubo zokwakheka komhlaba. Lezi zinqubo zokwakheka komhlaba zenzeka njengomphumela wokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kulapha lapho i-carbon ngokusebenzisa ukubola kwe-anaerobic ingaguqulwa ibe ngamafutha asezingeni elifana nowoyela, igesi yemvelo namalahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le khabhoni ingaba ngeyayo futhi ibe yingxenye yamanye amaminerali namatshe.