Imikhumbi eshonile oLwandle Olumnyama
Njengoba kulindelekile, ngezinye izikhathi kwakuyoba nezimo lapho umkhumbi wawuyonqotshwa amandla angapheli esiphepho. Kodwa-ke, imininingwane emayelana nesiphetho somkhumbi nabasebenzi bawo izosala ingaqondakali.
Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuyingqayizivele kwephansi loLwandle Olumnyama kuvumela ukulondolozwa kwezinto eziphilayo, okubangele ukuphahlazeka kwemikhumbi eminingi. zigcinwe ngokuphawulekayo njengobufakazi obuphathekayo bomlando osukela ekhulwini lesi-9 kuya kwele-19.
Esimweni esivamile, izinkuni ziwohloka ngokushesha lapho zichayeka emanzini anosawoti. Nokho, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuyingqayizivele kwendawo engaphansi kolwandle kule ndawo kuvumela ukulondolozwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Ngenxa yalokho, imikhumbi eminingi ehlezi phansi olwandle ihlala ingashintshile, inikeza ubufakazi obucacile bokulandisa okungokomlando okusukela ekhulwini lesi-9 kuya ekhulwini le-19.
Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, yayingakaze ibonwe imikhumbi ecwile oLwandle Olumnyama. Bekungalindelekile nokuthi kukhona ozogila kubo. Kodwa-ke, uhambo lwamazwe ngamazwe olunenhlanhla, oluholwa yiNyuvesi yaseSouthampton (eNgilandi), Wathola engu-41 yale mikhumbi futhi wathwebula izithombe zayo ezinemininingwane.
Rodrigo Pacheco Ruiz
Umuntu onenhlanhla owabona umkhumbi ocwile emanzini kwakungeyena omunye ngaphandle kuka-Rodrigo Pacheco Ruiz, uchwepheshe ovelele wesayensi yemivubukulo yasolwandle. Ephelelwe amazwi ngokuphelele lapho ebona phambi kwakhe, wama ethuswa ubukhazikhazi obuphelele bomkhumbi wasendulo owawuphumulile. ngokuthula ekujuleni okungaqondakali kwamamitha angama-300 cishe iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili.
Kulokho kujula nangeminyaka yawo, umkhumbi ugcina izimpawu eziyinkimbinkimbi ezishiywe yisando neshizolo, kanye nezintambo eziboshwe ngokucophelela nokhuni oluhlotshisiwe. Lokhu ukutholwa okumangalisayo, njengoba imininingwane ecophelela kangaka ayikaze ibhalwe phansi.
Eqinisweni, inhloso yangempela yohambo lwesayensi yayigxile ekuphenyeni imiphumela ebangelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngokukhethekile, ithimba lanquma ukunquma izinga uLwandle Olumnyama, ngaphambili olwaluyichibi elilula phakathi ne-Ice Age, lwagcwala amanzi. Lolu cwaningo lubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba ingxenye yeBulgaria yamanje yayicwiliswe ngaphansi kolwandle.
Umvubukuli wasolwandle uRodrigo Pacheco Ruiz waphelelwa amazwi lapho ethola umkhumbi owawuneminyaka engu-1.800 300 ungashintshiwe, ufihlwe ngamamitha angu-XNUMX ukujula. Ubukhazikhazi bomkhumbi bamshiya emangele.
Njengoba amazinga okushisa eqhubeka eguquguquka nezinguzunga zeqhwa zishabalala ngokushesha ezindaweni ezinezintaba, kanye nase-Antarctica naseGreenland, kuyasiqinisekisa ukuba nokuqonda okucacile kwesikhathi esisele esikhona sokuklama amanye amasu ezindaweni ezisogwini.
Ukunwetshwa kwamanzi anosawoti
Esikhathini eside esidlule, cishe eminyakeni eyi-12.000 edlule, isenzakalo esimangalisayo senzeka lapho ukunyuka kwamazinga okushisa oMhlaba kubangela ukuba uLwandle LwaseMedithera lwandise amanzi alo anosawoti. Lokhu kwanda kwabangela ukuhlasela koLwandle Olumnyama endaweni namuhla ebizwa ngokuthi iBosphorus Strait. Ngenxa yalokho, uLwandle Olumnyama lwathola ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuhlukile. Ungqimba lwawo olungaphezulu luqukethe umoya-mpilo obalulekile olethwa imifula emikhulu yaseYurophu egelezela kuwo. Nokho, ekujuleni kwalo mzimba wamanzi umoya-mpilo awukho, okwenza indawo engenakho ukuphila ngenxa ye-anoxia. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lokhu kuntuleka komoya-mpilo kulondoloza lolu daba, luyivimbele ekungeneni kwe-oxidation.
Uhambo lwaqalwa ngamathuluzi angavamile aklanyelwe ukuveza imephu ekujuleni kolwandle. Ipheya lezimoto ezinamandla kakhulu, ezifakwe amakhamera e-3D esimanjemanje akwazi ukuthwebula ngisho nemininingwane emincane kakhulu, ivumele ukwakhiwa kabusha okucophelelayo kwendawo efundiwe.
I-Surveyor Expedition
Ithuluzi elimangalisayo elingaphansi kwamanzi elaziwa ngokuthi i-Surveyor Interceptor lidlula isivinini sezimoto ezivamile ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Ifakwe amathuluzi e-geophysical, amakhamera anencazelo ephezulu, izibani nesithwebuli se-laser, lesi sidalwa esiwumshini sibukeka njengendalo evela endaweni yenganekwane yesayensi.
Kulo lonke uphenyo, wafinyelela ngempumelelo ekujuleni okungakaze kube khona okungamamitha ayi-1.800, ukugcina isivinini esingaphezu kwamafindo angu-6 futhi kuhlanganisa ibanga elimangalisayo lamakhilomitha angu-1.250.
Lolu hambo lwalunomgomo ohluke ngokuphelele engqondweni, kodwa ngemva kwalokho, ngokuphazima kweso, imikhumbi yavela phansi olwandle njengezimbali, umbono omangalisayo owawubonakala uyisipho esivela ekujuleni kwesikhathi.
USolwazi Jon Adams, umsunguli ohlonishwayo kanye nomqondisi weSikhungo Semivubukulo Yasolwandle eNyuvesi yaseSouthampton, ungene emkhunjini wesayensi i-Stril Explorer, ezibophezele ngokugcwele ukuhlola umhlaba ekuphishekeleni imisebenzi ebonakala ingenakunqotshwa.
"Emizamweni yethu yokuqonda umthelela wokukhuphuka kwamazinga amanzi kubantu abahlala ngasogwini loLwandle Olumnyama lwaseBulgaria, sizithola sibhekene nemibuzo eyinselele mayelana nesikhathi, isivinini kanye nemiphumela yalesi simo."
Inhloso enkulu yale phrojekthi kwakuwukwenza uphenyo lwesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba ukuze kutholakale izindawo ezingaphansi kwamanzi ezingaphansi koLwandle Olumnyama. Lokhu kwakuhilela ukuqoqa amasampula, ukuwahlaziya, ukunquma ubudala bawo, nokwakha kabusha indawo yangaphambi komlando yesifunda. Ngokungalindelekile, phakathi nalolu phenyo lwe-geophysical, sathola ukutholakala okumangalisayo: ingcebo ecwile njengemikhumbi yasendulo. “Nakuba le mikhumbi ibiyinto ethokozisayo, ukugxila kwethu okuyinhloko kwahlala ocwaningweni lwe-paleoenvironmental. "Kuyamangaza ngempela ukuthi le mikhumbi igcinwe kahle kangakanani ngenxa yezimo zokuphelelwa umoya-mpilo ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-159 oLwandle Olumnyama," kuchaza u-Adams.
Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuqopha be-3D obusezingeni eliphezulu obudizayinelwe ngqo izakhiwo ezingaphansi kwamanzi, izithombe ezinhle zithwetshulwe ngempumelelo ngaphandle kokudala ukuphazamiseka olwandle. Le ndlela yokusungula iye yaba phambili ekuhlangenwe nakho komhlaba wonke kulo mkhakha, njengoba kungekho muntu ozuze amamodeli aphelele kangaka emikhumbi ecwile kulokhu kujula.
Isiteji sasolwandle saseBulgaria yiyona kuphela okugxilwe kuyo kulo msebenzi, okubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka kube nezambulo eziningi ezengeziwe ezingalindelekile.
Phakathi kwemikhumbi engu-41 eyatholwa, eminye ihlehlela emuva ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX, phakathi nokubusa koMbuso WaseByzantium kule ndawo. Nokho, kwakukhona nemikhumbi eyayithunyelwa amakhosi nabathengisi base-Ottoman, kanye namatilosi aseVenice ayevame ukuhwebelana kulesi sifunda futhi aba yizisulu zeziphepho zaso ezikhohlisayo.
Phakathi ukuqoqwa izikebhe Kunezikebhe ezisukela ekhulwini le-1800, XNUMX kanye nele-XNUMX, kanye neyodwa kusukela ngonyaka we-XNUMX.. Ngokuhlola izitayela zobumba, izinhlobo zezikhonkwane, nemiklamo yensika, abavubukuli bangakwazi ukunquma isikhathi esiqondile nendawo osuka kuyo umkhumbi ngamunye.
NgokukaProfesa Adams, kuhlaba umxhwele ukubona umkhumbi iMarco Polo ebingawubona kalula, njengoba kusikhumbuza imisebenzi evelele yokuhweba yamaNtaliyane oLwandle Olumnyama phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi.
Okuphawuleka ngokufanayo yindlela esetshenziswayo ukuze kuvezwe le ngcebo ecwilisiwe emehlweni omphakathi. Kusetshenziswa isoftware ye-3D photogrammetry, okuyindlela yokuthola amamephu nezinhlelo ngezithombe, isethi yezinkulungwane zezithombe yadalwa ngokucophelela. Le nqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ivumela ukwakhiwa kwemodeli yedijithali ebanzi, engabuye ihlolwe futhi ihlaziywe ngemibono ehlukahlukene.
Izimoto ezingaphansi kwamanzi zawasebenzisa ngokugcwele amandla azo angavamile amahora angu-24 ngosuku. Ngale ndlela, Bathola ngempumelelo uxhaxha lwemikhumbi esabalele endaweni enkulu engamakhilomitha-skwele ayizi-2.000. Futhi lesi kumane kuyisiqalo sohambo lwakho olungajwayelekile.