Lapho umoya uvunguza ngamandla phezu kwenhlabathi eyomile engenazo izimila, izivunguvungu zesihlabathi nezintuli zivame ukwenzeka ogwadule nasemigwaqweni ewugwadule. Lezi ziphepho ngokuvamile zikhiqiza inqwaba yezinhlayiya ezihamba emoyeni. Izehlakalo ezinkulu zasemkhathini zivame ukubandakanya ukukhuphuka kwezinhlayiya ezindaweni eziphakeme emkhathini kanye nokuthutha kwazo okulandelayo emabangeni amakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ukuwela izilwandle.
Imiphumela yesihlabathi nezivunguvungu zothuli olwandle
Ukukhathazeka ngomphakathi kanye nomthelela wawo ekuzuzweni Kwezinjongo Zokuthuthukiswa Okusimeme (SDGs) kuyakhula phakathi kohulumeni kanye nomphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuvama nokushuba kwale nkinga kungahluka kuye ngezifunda ezahlukahlukene.
Izikhathi zeziphepho zothuli zenzeka izikhathi eziningana phakathi nonyaka futhi zibonakala ngokuxhumana okuqinile nokushintsha kwezinkathi zonyaka. Ukuhlukahluka kwezici zayo kungase kube nezinguquko eziphawulekayo minyaka yonke. Ukwengeza, babonisa imvelo yokwamukela izimo zesomiso nezinye izici zemvelo.
Izinto ezinomthelela kulesi simo zihlanganisa i-El Niño-Southern Oscillation kanye ne-North Atlantic Oscillation. Izifunda zomhlaba ezomile zithonywa kakhulu yilezi zindlela zesimo sezulu.
Izivunguvungu zesihlabathi nezintuli ezisebenza njalo zivela ezifundeni ezimbalwa zeNyakatho Nenkabazwe, okuhlanganisa iNyakatho Afrika, iMpumalanga Ephakathi, naseningizimu-ntshonalanga, maphakathi, nasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Lezi zindawo zisebenza njengemithombo emikhulu yesihlabathi esikhulu neziphepho zothuli, futhi kunezindawo eziningi ezinomthelela kulo mkhuba.
Kunemithombo emincane futhi engaguquki kangako etholakala ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene, njengaseNingizimu Melika, enyakatho naseningizimu ye-Afrika, e-Australia nase-Iceland. Ukubaluleka kwale mithombo, maqondana nomunye nomunye, kuhlala kungaqiniseki.
Ugwadule LwaseSahara
Ugwadule LwaseSahara luyimbangela enkulu yothuli ezindaweni eziwugwadule, kokubili ngezinqubo zemvelo zokuguguleka komoya kanye nalezo ezithinteke kakhulu emisebenzini yabantu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezinqubo zezolimo ezinganele kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngokweqile. Lolu gwadule olukhulu lukhiqiza uthuli oluningi uma luqhathaniswa nezinye izingwadule emhlabeni.
Umthelela wokukhishwa kwezintuli emhlabeni wonke ubalulekile futhi umele ama-55% azo zonke izinto ezikhishwayo. Imiphumela yalokhu kukhishwa kwegesi ibonakala ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezifana neNyakatho ye-Atlantic, uLwandle lweCaribbean, uLwandle iMedithera kanye noLwandle Olubomvu. Minyaka yonke, iziphepho zesihlabathi nezintuli zithutha inqwaba yezinhlayiya kulezi zindawo.
Uthuli lwasogwadule lwakhiwe cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingama-500 wamaminerali, izakhi, kanye nakho kokubili okuphilayo kanye nezinto ezingaphili. Ukuba khona kothuli kunomthelela omkhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle, okusebenza njengesici esibalulekile sangaphandle. Kuyinhlanganisela yezakhi ezibalulekile kanye nezakhi zokulandelela.
Inqubo ye-metabolic ye-phytoplankton, okuyizinto eziphilayo ezineseli elilodwa ezibalulekile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuphila, ithonywa ukutholakala komkhathi kwalezi zakhi ezibalulekile.
Imijikelezo ye-carbon, i-nitrogen, isulfure, i-phosphorus ne-silicon olwandle ithonywa kakhulu amandla ayisisekelo.. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela wokuvundisa uthuli kukholakala ukuthi udlala indima ebalulekile kule mijikelezo ye-biogeochemical.
Ukuba khona kothuli lwasogwadule kunethonya elikhulu ekubukekeni kolwelwe, olusebenza njengomthombo wokudla obalulekile wezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo ezithile zokuqhakaza kwe-algal, ezaziwa ngokuthi “izimbali zolwelwe eziyingozi,” zingaba nemiphumela elimazayo empilweni yomuntu kanye nemisebenzi yezomnotho. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukufakwa kwezinhlayiya zothuli nakho kungathonya le nqubo.
Imbangela yokwakheka kwe-sargassum ebanzi ngendlela engavamile ebonwe oLwandle lwe-Caribbean kusukela ngo-2011, kanye nasogwini lwaseNtshonalanga Afrika naseBrazil olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean, ayikaziwa.
Indima yothuli lwasogwadule ekukhuthazeni ukukhula kwe-sargassum yisihloko senkulumompikiswano eqhubekayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi imisoco ethwalwa uthuli lwasogwadule inomthelela ekwandeni kwe-sargassum. Ucwaningo luye lwahlonza ukuxhumana phakathi kokwakheka kothuli kanye nokukhula kwalezi zimila.
Ugwadule kanye nezinhlelo zamakhorali
Inhlalakahle yezixhobo zamakhorali ithonywa inqwaba yezinto ezixhumene futhi, phakathi kwazo, izifo ziye zavela njengengxenye enkulu ekuwohlokeni kwamuva nje kwezixhobo zamakhorali emhlabeni jikelele. Eziningi zalezi zifo zihlobene nama-microorganisms athwalwa ngokufakwa kothuli lwasogwadule.
Ukuba khona kothuli kungaba nomthelela ekubeni sengozini kwezixhobo zamakhorali, kuzenze zibe lula ezicini ezihlukahlukene ezingaba nomthelela omubi empilweni yazo. Uthuli ludlala indima ebalulekile enhlalakahleni yonke yezixhobo zamakhorali.
Ukukhishwa kwe-dimethyl sulfide (DMS) nge-phytoplankton, evundiswa uthuli lwasogwadule olunothe ngensimbi, kungase kube nemiphumela engaqondile. Le nqubo idala ama-nuclei engeziwe e-cloud condensation, okuholela kumaluphu empendulo athinta izimo zezulu zendawo. Uthuli nalo luneqhaza kule nqubo.
Umjikelezo wekhabhoni womhlaba wonke uthonywa kakhulu indima edlalwa uthuli lwasogwadule, olubuye lube nemiphumela engaqondile ohlelweni lwesimo sezulu. Le ndima iwumphumela wokusebenzelana phakathi kothuli lwasogwadule kanye nama-microorganisms anesibopho sokukhiqiza okuyinhloko. Kufana nebhomu elibangela uchungechunge lwezinqubo zemvelo.
Kuthinta e-Southern Ocean
E-Southern Ocean, lapho umkhiqizo uphezulu, i-carbon dioxide kanye nezakhamzimba ziguqulwa zibe yi-organic carbon. Le carbon ibe isicwila ekujuleni kolwandle, iyabola, futhi ekugcineni igqitshwe yinhlabathi.
Nakuba ukuntuleka kwe-iron kungabeka imingcele ekukhiqizeni okuyinhloko, Ukubaluleka kwayo kuba sobala kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwephampu yebhayoloji yekhabhoni. Kusekuningi ukungaqiniseki mayelana nalolu daba.
Kukhona izifundo ezigcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqapha nokucwaninga okuqhubekayo ezindaweni ezibalulekile, ezinganikeza ulwazi olubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezinqubomgomo ezisebenzayo. Ukuqonda okutholakala ocwaningweni kungasebenza njengesisekelo sokwenza amasu afanele.
