Emkhakheni we-physics yenuzi, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemisebe ezikhona ziyafundwa. Kulokhu, sizogxila ekutadisheni i- imisebe ye-gamma. Ziyimisebe ye-electromagnetic ekhiqizwa ukuhlakazeka kwe-radioactive nuclei ye-athomu. Le misebe ye-gamma inemisebe yefrikhwensi ephezulu kakhulu futhi iphakathi kweyingozi kakhulu kubantu, kanye neminye imisebe ye-ionizing. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ayimisebe okuthi, nakuba ingenayo ishaji kagesi, ingabangela umonakalo omkhulu kumangqamuzana omuntu kanye ne-DNA yawo.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ngezici, ukubaluleka, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemisebe ye-gamma. Sizophinde sibhekane nemithelela yezempilo kanye nezicelo kubuchwepheshe obuphambili, obufana nemithi.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ngokufingqa, sizoklelisa izici eziyinhloko zemisebe ye-gamma:
- Ziyizinhlayiya ezingasaphumuli selokhu zihamba ngejubane lokukhanya.
- Futhi abanayo imali kagesi ngoba abahlanekezelwa amandla kagesi nawamandla kazibuthe.
- Banamandla amancane kakhulu e-ionizing yize angena kakhulu. Imisebe ye-Gamma radon zingadlula ku-15 cm wensimbi.
- Angamagagasi afana nokukhanya kepha anamandla kakhulu kune-X-ray.
- Isakhi esisebenza ngemisebe esifakwa endalweni futhi sigweme imisebe ye-gamma senza sikwazi ukutadisha le ndlala ngokuyithola ogwini.
Inemisebe ephezulu kakhulu futhi ingenye yemisebe eyingozi kakhulu kubantu, njengayo yonke imisebe ye-ionizing. Ingozi ilele ekutheni angamagagasi anamandla amakhulu angalimaza ama-molecule angahlehleki. akha amangqamuzana, abangela ukuguqulwa kofuzo ngisho nokufa. Emhlabeni, singabona imithombo yemvelo yemisebe ye-gamma ekuboleni kwama-radionuclides kanye nokusebenzisana kwemisebe ye-cosmic nomkhathi; imisebe embalwa kakhulu nayo ikhiqiza lolu hlobo lwemisebe. Ukwengeza, uma ungathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezinye izinhlobo zemisebe, ungabheka isihloko sethu esithi Konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nombani.
Izici ze-Gamma ray
Imvamisa, imvamisa yale radiation inkulu kune-1020 Hz, ngakho-ke inamandla amakhulu kune-100 keV kanye nobude obungaphansi kwe-3 × 10 -13 m, incane kakhulu kunobubanzi be-athomu. Ukusebenzisana okubandakanya imisebe ye-gamma yamandla kusuka ku-TeV kuya ku-PeV nakho kufundiwe.
Imisebe yeGamma ingena kakhulu kunemisebe ekhiqizwa ezinye izinhlobo zokubola kwemisebe, noma ukubola kwe-alpha nokubola kwe-beta, ngenxa yokuthambekela okuncane kokusebenzisana nodaba. Imisebe yeGamma yakhiwa ngama-photon. Lokhu ngumehluko omkhulu kusuka emisebeni ye-alpha eyenziwe ngemisebe ye-helium nuclei ne-beta eyenziwe ngama-electron.
Ama-Photons, njengoba zingahlonyisiwe ngobuningi, zincane ionizing. Kulezi zikhathi, incazelo yezimo zokuxhumana phakathi kwensimu ye-electromagnetic nento ayinakuziba imishini ye-quantum. Imisebe ye-Gamma ihlukaniswa nama-X-ray ngemvelaphi yayo. Akhiqizwa ngokushintshwa kwenuzi noma kwe-subatomic, noma kunjalo, kuyilapho ama-X-ray akhiqizwa ngokushintshwa kwamandla ngenxa yama-electron angena emazingeni amaningi angaphakathi wamandla wamahhala avela emazingeni angaphandle wamanani angaphandle.
Njengoba ezinye izinguquko ze-elekthronikhi zingadlula amandla ezinye izinguquko zenuzi, imvamisa ye-X-ray yamandla aphakeme kakhulu ingaba phezulu kunobuningi bemisebe ye-gamma yamandla aphansi kakhulu. Kodwa empeleni, wonke angamagagasi kagesi, njengamaza omsakazo nokukhanya. Uma ungathanda ukufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nezinye izingxenye ze-spectrum, ungabheka isihloko sethu i-spectroscopy, izinhlobo nezici.
Izinto zokwakha zenziwa ngenxa yemisebe ye-gamma
Izinto ezidingekayo ukuvikela imisebe ye-gamma zikhulu kakhulu kunalokho okudingekayo ukuvikela izinhlayiya ze-alpha ne-beta. Lezi zinto zingavinjelwa ngephepha elilula (α) noma ipuleti lensimbi elincanyana (β). Izinto ezinenombolo ephezulu ye-athomu nobuningi obuphezulu zingathola kangcono imisebe ye-gamma. Eqinisweni, uma kudingeka i-1 cm yomthofu ukunciphisa ukushuba kwemisebe ye-gamma ngo-50%, umphumela ofanayo kwenzeka ngo-6 cm kasimende no-9 cm womhlaba ocindezelweyo.
Izinto zokuvikela zivame ukulinganiswa ngokobukhulu obudingekayo ukusika amandla emisebe ngesigamu. Ngokusobala, amandla e-photon ayanda, ubukhulu besivikelo esidingekayo bukhulu.
Ngakho-ke, kudingeka izikrini ezijiyile ukuvikela abantu, ngoba imisebe ye-gamma nama-X-ray kungadala ukusha, umdlavuza, nokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, ezitshalweni zamandla enuzi, isetshenziselwa ukuvikela insimbi nosimende ekuqukethe amapellets, kuyilapho amanzi engavimbela imisebe ngesikhathi sokugcina induku kaphethiloli noma ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa kwe-reactor core. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe mayelana nokuthi ukukhanya kusebenza kanjani kumongo wemisebe, bheka isihloko sethu esithi kuyini ukukhanya.
Sebenzisa
Ukwelashwa kwemisebe ye-Ionizing kuyindlela ebonakalayo esetshenziselwa ukufeza inzalo yezinto zokwakha ezempilo nezenhlanzeko, ukungcoliswa kokudla, izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nemikhiqizo yezimboni, kanye nokusebenza kwazo kweminye imikhakha, Sizobona ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Le nqubo ifaka ukuveza umkhiqizo wokugcina ohlanganisiwe noma wenqwaba kumandla omoya. Lokhu kwenziwa ekamelweni elikhethekile elibizwa ngegumbi le-irradiation esimweni ngasinye futhi esikhathini esithile. La magagasi angena ngokuphelele emikhiqizweni esobala, kufaka phakathi imikhiqizo ehlanganisiwe enhlobonhlobo.
Ukusetshenziswa kweCobalt 60 ekwelapheni izifo zesimila kuyindlela okwamanje esabalele kakhulu ezweni lami nasemhlabeni ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo nokuphepha kwangaphakathi. Kubizwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa kwe-cobalt noma ukwelashwa kwe-cobalt futhi kuhilela ukuveza izicubu zesimila emisebeni ye-gamma.
Ngale njongo, kusetshenziswa into ebizwa nge-cobalt yokwelashwa. Le divayisi ifakwe ikhanda elivikelwe elifakwe i-cobalt 60 futhi ifakwe idivayisi elawula ngokunembile ukuchayeka okudingekayo esimweni ngasinye ukuze uphathe lesi sifo ngendlela efanele. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nezimbobo ezimnyama nokusebenzisana kwazo nemisebe, ungafunda isihloko sethu supermassive black holes.
Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwezentengiselwano kwamandla e-ionization kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1960. Namuhla, kunezitshalo ezizungeze i-160 zemisebe esebenza emhlabeni, isatshalaliswa emazweni angaphezu kwama-30, ihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezahlukahlukene zezimboni eziningi ngokwengeziwe.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, yize iyingozi, umuntu uyakwazi ukusebenzisa imisebe ye-gamma ezindaweni eziningi njengoba kunxenxwa yimithi. Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngemisebe ye-gamma nezici zayo.