Ngemuva kokwazi Imodeli ye-athomu kaThomson, ebibheka ama-electron ukuthi aphakathi nendawo ekhokhiswa kahle, imodeli esezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu eyaziwa njenge Imodeli ye-athomu kaRutherford. Usosayensi ophethe le ntuthuko entsha yesayensi kwakungu-Ernest Rutherford. Wazalwa ngo-Agasti 20, 1871 futhi washona ngo-Okthoba 19, 1937. Ngesikhathi esaphila wenza amagalelo amakhulu kwezamakhemikhali nasemkhakheni wesayensi jikelele.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela le ndatshana ukukutshela konke odinga ukukwazi ngemodeli ye-athomu kaRutherford.
Isivivinyo seGolide Leaf
Imodeli yakudala kaThomson yathi ama-electron asendaweni eshajwa kahle. Ngo-1909 u-Ernest Rutherford ephelezelwa abasizi ababili uGeiger noMarsden benza ucwaningo olwaziwa ngokuthi iGold Leaf experiment lapho bakwazi khona ukuqinisekisa lokho. "I-raisin pudding" kaThomson edumile yayingalungile. Futhi ukuthi lesi silingo esisha sikwazile ukukhombisa ukuthi i-athomu inesakhiwo esinecala elihle eliqinile. Lokhu kuhlolwa akukwazanga ukusiza ukuvuselela iziphetho ezagcina zethulwe njengemodeli ye-athomu kaRutherford ngo-1911.
Ukuhlolwa okwaziwa ngeGold Leaf kwakungahlukile, kepha kwenziwa phakathi kuka-1909 no-1913. Basebenzisa lokhu ama-laboratories e-physics eNyuvesi yaseManchester. Lezi zivivinyo zazibaluleke kakhulu njengoba iziphetho ezintsha zazingasungulwa kusukela emiphumeleni yazo, okwaholela esimweni se-athomu esiguqukayo.
Lokhu kuhlolwa kuqukethe lokhu okulandelayo: ishidi elincanyana legolide kuphela elingu-100nm ubukhulu kwakufanele liqhunyiswe ngenqwaba yezinhlayiya ze-alpha. Lezi zinhlayiya ze-alpha zazingama-ion. Lokho wukuthi, ama-athomu angenawo ama-electron, ngakho-ke ayenama-proton nama-neutron kuphela. Ngokuba nama-neutron namaprotoni, inani eliphelele le-athomu lalifanelekile. Lokhu kuhlolwa ikakhulukazi bekunehloso yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ngabe imodeli kaThomson ilungile. Uma ngabe le modeli beyilungile, izinhlayiya ze-alpha kwakudingeka zidlule kuma-athomu egolide kulayini oqondile.
Ukuze ufunde ukuphambuka okubangelwa izinhlayiya ze-alpha, isihlungi se-fluorescent zinc sulfide kwakufanele sibekwe sizungeze ucwecwe lwegolide oluhle. Umphumela walokhu kuhlolwa ukuthi kubonwe ukuthi ezinye izinhlayiya zikwazile ukudlula kuma-athomu egolide eshidi ngendlela eqondile. Kodwa-ke, ezinye zalezi zinhlayiya ze-alpha zaphambukiswa ngezinkomba ezingahleliwe.
Iziphetho zesilingo seGolide Leaf
Uma kubhekwa leli qiniso, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuqinisa lokho okwakucatshangwa amamodeli e-athomu angaphambili. Lawa mamodeli e-athomu abonise ukuthi ukushajwa okuhle kwasatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kuma-athomu, okwenza kube lula ukudlula njengoba ukushaja kwawo bekungeke kube namandla endaweni ethile.
Imiphumela yalokhu kuhlolwa kweGold Leaf ibingalindelekile neze. Lokhu kwenza uRutherford acabange ukuthi i-athomu inesikhungo esinenkokhiso eqinile eyakha lapho kuyizinhlayiyana ze-alpha zama ukuyidlulisa inqatshiwe yisakhiwo esimaphakathi. Ukuze kusungulwe umthombo othembeke ngokwengeziwe, izinhlayiya zibhekwe ngobuningi balabo ababonakalisiwe nalabo ababengabonakali. Ngenxa yalokhu kukhethwa kwezinhlayiya, bekwenzeka ukunquma ubukhulu be-nucleus ngokuqhathaniswa nomjikelezo wama-electron awuzungezile. Kungaphethwa futhi ngokuthi isikhala esiningi se-athomu asinalutho.
Kwakungabonakala ukuthi ezinye izinhlayiya ze-alpha zaphambukiswa yi-foil yegolide. Ezinye zazo ziphambukiswe ngama-engeli amancane kakhulu. Lokhu kwasiza ekuphetheni ngokuthi ukushajwa okuhle ku-athomu akusatshalaliswa ngokufanayo. Okusho ukuthi, ukushaja okuhle kutholakala ku-athomu efomini eligxilile endaweni encane kakhulu.
Zimbalwa kakhulu izinhlayiya ze-alpha ezaphindela emuva. Lokhu kuphambuka kubonisa ukuthi izinhlayiya ezishiwoyo ngale ndlela bezingaphinda ziphinde zibuye. Ngenxa yakho konke lokhu kubhekwa okusha, imodeli ye-athomu kaRutherford ingasungulwa ngemibono emisha.
Imodeli ye-athomu kaRutherford
Sizofunda ukuthi yiziphi izimiso zemodeli ye-athomu kaRutherford:
- Izinhlayiyana ezinesamba esivumayo ngaphakathi kwe-athomu zihlelwe ngevolumu encane kakhulu uma siyiqhathanisa nenani eliphelele le-athomu elishiwoyo.
- Cishe bonke ubunzima i-athomu enabo butholakala kulowo mqulu omncane okukhulunywe ngawo. Lesi sisindo sangaphakathi sasibizwa ngokuthi i-nucleus.
- Ama-electron anezinsolo ezingezinhle zitholakala zizungeza i-nucleus.
- Ama-electron ajikeleza ngesivinini esiphezulu ezungeze i-nucleus futhi enza kanjalo ezindleleni eziyindilinga. Lawa ma-trajectories abizwa ngokuthi ama-orbits. Kamuva uwazi njengama-orbitals.
- Kokubili ama-electron ane-negative charged kanye ne-nucleus ye-athomu ene-positive charges ahlala ebanjwe ndawonye ngamandla okuheha i-electrostatic.
Ukwamukelwa nokulinganiselwa kwemodeli ye-athomu kaRutherford
Njengoba bekulindelekile, le modeli entsha yavula umbono omusha nge-athomu emhlabeni wesayensi. Ngenxa yale modeli ye-athomu, ososayensi abaningi kamuva bakwazi ukutadisha futhi banqume inani lama-electron ingxenye ngayinye yetafula le-periodic enayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwatholwa okusha okusiza ukuchaza ukuthi i-athomu isebenza kanjani ngendlela elula kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, le modeli nayo inokulinganiselwa nokushiyeka okuthile. Nakuba yayimele intuthuko enkulu emhlabeni we-physics, yayingeyona imodeli ephelele noma ephelele. Futhi yilokho kwe ngokusho kwemithetho kaNewton nesici esibalulekile semithetho kaMaxwell, Le modeli ayikwazanga ukuchaza izinto ezithile:
- Akakwazanga ukuchaza ukuthi amacala amabi akwazi kanjani ukuhlala ndawonye ku-nucleus. Ngokusho kwethiyori ye-elekthronikhi, ukukhokhiswa okuhle kufanele kuhoxisane.
- Okunye ukuphikisana kwakubhekiswe emithethweni eyisisekelo ye-electrodynamics. Uma kucatshangwa ukuthi ama-electron ane-charge enhle kufanele azungeze i-nucleus, kufanele akhiphe imisebe ye-electromagnetic. Ukukhipha le misebe kudla amandla abengenza ama-electron awele kuyi-nucleus. Ngakho-ke, le modeli ye-athomu ayikwazi ukuchaza ukuzinza kwe-athomu.
