UJohn Dalton ungusosayensi waseNgilandi, isazi samakhemikhali nesazi sezulu owenze umehluko emhlabeni wesayensi ngenxa yokufakwa kwemfundiso yesimanje ye-athomu. Lo mbono waziwa ngokuthi imodeli ye-athomu yeDalton futhi bekufanele impela. UJohn Dalton waziwa futhi ngezifundo zakhe ngokungakwazi ukuhlukanisa imibala esweni lomuntu. Yile ndlela esazi ngayo lokhu kukhubazeka njengobumpumputhe bombala.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela zonke izici kanye nokubaluleka ukuthi Imodeli ye-athomu kaDalton okwesayensi.
Indaba Encane KaDalton
Ukwethula imodeli ye-athomu kaDalton, ake siqale sibukeze umlando walo sosayensi kancane. Futhi ukuthi umqondo we-athomu waqala ngesazi sefilosofi esingumGreki uDemocritus. Kodwa-ke, lo mbono awuzange wamukelwe kabanzi futhi ngisho nososayensi abaningi bakuthola kungenangqondo amakhulu eminyaka namakhulu eminyaka. Njengoba le Atomism nayo yonke imisinga yefilosofi yamaGrikhi eyayikhona, kudlula iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-2 1804 ukuthi enye inkolelo-mbono ye-athomu ibe nokusebenziseka okunjalo ezweni lesayensi. Kodwa-ke, ngo-XNUMX, uJohn Dalton, yayisekelwe emibonweni yama-Atomists ukuze bakwazi ukwethula i Imodeli ye-athomu kaDalton.
Imodeli yakhe kube ngumphumela weziphetho azitholile ekuhlolweni okuhlukahlukene okwenziwe ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamagesi. Ngokuya ngemiphumela yalolu phenyo, kungakhonjiswa ukuthi ama-athomu akhona ngempela. UDemocritus wayengazange akhombise ukuthi i-athomu ikhona njengoba injalo. Ngale ndlela, enye yemibono ebaluleke kakhulu emlandweni we-physics yanamuhla idaliwe.
Okulandelayo, sizochaza izimiso eziyisisekelo ze Imodeli ye-athomu kaDalton.
Izimiso eziyisisekelo zemodeli ye-athomu yaseDalton
- Yonke into yenziwa ngama-athomu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi konke esikwaziyo nalokho okubonakalayo kwakhiwa ngama-athomu aseplanethi yethu nakuwo wonke umkhathi owaziwayo. Zonke izakhi nazo zenziwe ngama-athomu.
- Ama-athomu ahlukaniswa ngokungenakonakala. UDalton wayekholelwa ukuthi ama-athomu ayizinhlayiya ezazincane ngosayizi wezinto futhi ezingonakali ngamakhemikhali.
- Onke ama-athomu ento ayafana. Kumele sazi ukuthi wonke ama-athomu akha uhlobo lwama-elementi anesisindo esifanayo nezici ezifanayo. Futhi bane-morphology efanayo futhi bahamba ngejubane elifanayo.
- Ama-athomu wezinto ezahlukahlukene ayahluka ngobukhulu nangezakhiwo. Lokhu yikho okwenza into ngayinye yehluke kwenye. Njengoba zonke izinto zakhiwa ngama-athomu, la ma-athomu anezici nobukhulu obuhlukile.
- Amakhemikhali akhiwa inhlanganisela yezinhlobo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zama-athomu. Lokhu kugomela kwamakhompiyutha yilokho okubangela ukwahlukahluka okuningi kuzakhi. Futhi kungukuthi, yize inhlanganisela inezinhlobo ezifanayo zama-athomu, ahlanganisiwe futhi alinganiswa ngokulingana.
- Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ukuhlelwa kabusha kwama-athomu. Lapho ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwenzeka, akukhona okungaphezu kokuhlukana, inyunyana noma ukuhlelwa kabusha kwama-athomu. Asikhulumi ngama-athomu ashintsha izici zawo noma ubukhulu. Ama-athomu e-elementi eyodwa awalokothi ashintshe abe ama-athomu yenye i-elementi ngenxa yokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Bamane bashintshe inhlangano yabo.
Ukucatshangelwa okungeziwe kwe-Atomic Model kaDalton
Lapho imigomo yemodeli ichaziwe, kwadingeka kwenziwe okunye ukucubungula okwakungaqedela zonke izici zale modeli. Ngaphezu kwale migomo uJohn Dalton uphakamise lokho ama-athomu wezinto ahlangana nomunye nomunye ukwenza ama-molecule athobela umthetho wokongiwa kwesisindo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inombolo nohlobo lwama-athomu ku-molecule lilingana nenombolo nohlobo lwama-athomu emikhiqizweni esetshenziswa ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali. Lokhu futhi kuthobela umthetho othi izinto azidaliwe futhi azibhujiswa, kodwa kunalokho ziyaguqulwa.
Esinye isici esibalulekile kuwo kwakuwumthetho we-Multiple Proportions. Lo mthetho usitshela ukuthi uma sihlanganisa ama-athomu ezakhi ezimbili, lawa ma-athomu angahlangana kuphela maqondana nezinombolo eziphelele. Okungukuthi, i-athomu eyodwa ingahlangana nenye, ama-athomu amabili ane-athomu eyodwa, ama-athomu amabili namanye ama-athomu amabili, njll. Isibonelo esisisiza siqonde uMthetho Wezilinganiso Eziningi yilesi esilandelayo: sithatha amanzi siwahlanganise ngesilinganiso sika-2 kuya ku-1. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amanzi anama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen ku-athomu eyodwa ye-oxygen. Ngakho-ke, akukho silinganiso esasinalezi zakhi esingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza amanzi. Okusho ukuthi, ngeke sikwazi ukukhiqiza amanzi uma sisebenzisa ama-athomu e-hydrogen angu-3 nama-athomu amabili oksijini.
Ukuze unikeze izici kuma-athomu, i-Dalton idale itafula lezisindo ze-athomu. Leli thebula belilusizo impela ngoba beliqukethe zonke izinto ngokulandelana okuthile kususelwa kusisindo sazo. Zonke izakhi ezisetafuleni zaqhathaniswa ne-hydrogen, lokhu kube okulula kakhulu kunakho konke. Ngakho-ke, i-hydrogen iyinombolo yokuqala etafuleni futhi inenombolo ye-athomu engu-1.
Ukwamukelwa kwemodeli ye-athomu kaDalton nemikhawulo yayo
Njengoba lawa mamodeli ephula uhlaka olumisiwe, ukugunyazwa kwaba nzima kakhulu. Nokho, yamukelwa ososayensi abaningi bangaleso sikhathi cishe ngokushesha. Ngenxa yale modeli ye-athomu sinezisekelo eziningi zethiyori yamanje.
Ososayensi banamuhla bayazi ukuthi ama-athomu anezinhlobo eziningana zezinhlayiya ezincane, njengama-proton, ama-neutron nama-electron. Le mbono kaDalton yaba yisisekelo semfundiso yamakhemikhali.
Inkinga ngalena nayo ibe neziphazamisi kanye nemikhawulo. UDalton wayecabanga ukuthi ama-athomu azo zonke izakhi ayekwazi ukuhlala eyedwa, ngakho akazange aqaphele ukuthi kwezinye izakhi ama-athomu akhona akha ama-molecule, njengesibonelo kumoya-mpilo omsulwa. Umoya-mpilo ohlanzekile wakhiwa ama-athomu amabili omoya-mpilo. Okusho ukuthi, iyi-molecule ye-elementi efanayo kodwa enama-athomu amabili omoya-mpilo.
Elinye lamaphutha amakhulu ale modeli ukuthi kwakucatshangwa ukuthi inhlanganisela elula phakathi kwezakhi ezimbili ihlale iyi-athomu ye-elementi ngayinye. Lokhu kumenze waphetha ngokuthi amanzi yi-HO kunokuba yi-H2O.
Nokho, imodeli ye-athomu kaDalton yathuthukela kakhulu emhlabeni wesayensi yamakhemikhali nefiziksi. Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nemodeli ye-athomu kaDalton.
