Enye yezinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali ezidale impikiswano enkulu eminyakeni yamuva ukuthi iodide yesiliva. Kuyinhlanganisela engajwayelekile eyenziwe nge-athomu yesiliva ne-athomu ye-iodine. Ungumbala okhanyayo we-crystalline ophuzi okhanyayo oba mnyama uma uvezwa ekukhanyeni isikhathi eside. Ayincibiliki emanzini kepha ingahlakazeka lapho kukhona i-iodide ion enkulu.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ngazo zonke izici, izakhiwo nokusetshenziswa kwe-iodide yesiliva.
Izici eziyinhloko
Sikhuluma ngenhlanganisela engaphili enezakhi zamakristalu ezifana nalezi zeqhwa. Kuyo yonke le minyaka, ulwazi lwale nhlanganisela selukhulile futhi lunikezwe ukusetshenziswa okuningi. Enye yazo ukukhonza njengembewu yokukhiqiza imvula nokushintsha isimo sezulu. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kubuzwe kabanzi ngenxa ye- umonakalo ongaba khona iodide yesiliva ingadala lapho ichithwa emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayikho imiphumela yesikhathi eside eyaziwayo engaguqula isimo sezulu sesifunda.
Kusukela ngekhulu le-19 ibisetshenziswa ekuthwebuleni ngenxa yekhono layo lokuba mnyama ngokukhanya. Ibuye isetshenziswe ekwelapheni okulwa namagciwane. Kube nocwaningo lwakamuva mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-iodide esiliva ekukhipheni iodine enemisebe emfucumfucwini ekhiqizwa ezimbonini zamandla enuzi. Unganweba kulesi sihloko esihlokweni imvula yokwenziwa.
Kuyinhlanganisela ukuthi inobuthi kubantu, ezilwaneni nasezitshalweni. Ngakho-ke, kunokuphikisana okukhulu mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-iodide esiliva ekuguquleni isimo sezulu kanye nokwenza imvula. Isakhiwo sale nhlanganisela sakhiwe isimo saso se-oxidation yesiliva ne-iodine ene-valence -1. Isibopho phakathi kwama-ion amabili siqine kakhulu futhi sizinzile. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani ingancibiliki kalula emanzini. Isakhiwo se-crystalline sincike ekushiseni lapho sizithola sikuso. Ngaphansi kuka-137 degrees kukhona ifomu le-cubic, phakathi kuka-137 no-145 degrees sinokuqina okunombala ophuzi-ophuzi noma kusimo se-beta. Ekugcineni, uma izinga lokushisa likhuphuka lisuka ku-145 degrees, i-iodide esiliva izovela nombala ophuzi futhi ngesimo sayo se-alpha.
Izakhiwo ze-Silver Iodide
Siyazi ukuthi esimweni sayo semvelo somzimba siqinile esinombala ophuzi okhanyayo owakha amakristalu ayizinhlangothi eziyisithupha noma ama-cubic. Isisindo sayo samangqamuzana angama-234.773 amagremu emvukuzaneni ngayinye kanti iphuzu lokuncibilika kwalo lingama-degree angama-558. Ukuze i-Heliodorus ibilise isiliva kufanele ifinyelele emazingeni okushisa angama-1506 degrees.
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, iyinhlanganisela engaphili cishe encibilikayo emanzini. Ayincibiliki kuma-acids ngaphandle kwe-hydroiodic acid futhi iyancibilika ezixazululweni ezigxile njengama-alkali bromides nama-alkali chloride. Phakathi kwezakhi zayo zamakhemikhali sine-acid egxilwe inqobo nje uma isemazingeni aphezulu okushisa bese ihlasela kancane. Izixazululo lapho kune-iodide ion eyeqile ziyoncibilika, kwakheka iodine nesiliva okuyinkimbinkimbi. Esinye sezici esivelele ukuthi siyazwela ekukhanyeni. Uma ukukhanya kuvezwa isikhathi eside, kuba mnyama kancane bese kwakheka isiliva lensimbi.
I-iodide yesiliva isebenzisa
Le nhlanganisela itholakala ngemvelo ngesimo se-iodargyrite yamaminerali. Uma iselebhu, ingalungiswa ngokushisa isixazululo se-nitrate yesiliva ngesisombululo se-alkaline iodide njenge-potassium iodide. Ngale ndlela, iodide yesiliva yenziwe ngokungeyena.
Okunye ukusetshenziswa okuyimpikiswano kakhulu kwe-iodide yesiliva kuwo wonke umlando ukukhiqiza imvula. ngiyazi Ungafaka isicelo emafwini ukushintsha inani noma uhlobo lwemvula. Ingadala izinqubo zesichotho, ihlakaze inkungu ebandayo noma inciphise izivunguvungu. Ukwenza lokhu, kungahlakazeka sengathi kuyimbewu ngaphakathi kwefu elibandayo eliqukethe amanzi oketshezi oluphezulu. I-Eta isho ukuthi amazinga okushisa angaphansi kuka-0 degrees. Ngokuba nesakhiwo samakristalu esifana naleso seqhwa, kuthanda ukumiswa kwamakhaza kwamanzi aqandiswe phezulu.
Inkinga ngokusebenzisa i-iodide esiliva ukukhiqiza imvula imiphumela yayo emibi. Futhi ngemva kokuhlakazeka njengembewu emafwini, igcina ingaphakathi emafwini futhi ikhukhulwe yimvula. Ukuba khona kokuqina kwesiliva encibilikayo emanzini emvula kuyinto okufanele kucatshangelwe njengoba ingcolile futhi inobuthi ezitshalweni, izilwane, nakubantu. Imvelo yasolwandle ithinta zonke izilwane nezitshalo. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngomthelela walezi zinqubo, bheka isihloko esithi Izinhlelo zokulwa nesichotho kanye nomthelela wazo ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi.
I-Cloud seeding yisilingo esenziwa emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule. Uma amafu etshalwe ngokulandelana endaweni efanayo, kungakha umphumela we-iodide wesiliva oqoqekayo. Ngokwezifundo ezimbalwa zakamuva, ukugcwala kwe-iodide yesiliva etholakala ezindaweni lapho kusetshenziswe khona inqubo yokuhlwanyela amafu kuphakeme kakhulu kunomkhawulo lapho inobuthi kwezinye izinhlanzi nezinto eziphansi.
Kungashiwo ukuthi ukuphela kokusebenzisa okunengqondo kwe-iodide yesiliva kungaba ukwenza izivunguvungu zibe buthakathaka, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe imiphumela yazo.
Okunye ukusetshenziswa
Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, ngenxa yokuzwela kokukhanya kwakusetshenziswa ekuthatheni izithombe. Kuyinto ebonakalayo ekwazi ukuphendula lapho kukhona ukukhanya. Lokhu kuyenza isetshenziselwe ukuthola izinto zokwakha izithombe ezinjengemiqulu yezithombe lapho kwasetshenziswa amakristalu. Ngenxa ye-iodide yesiliva sikwazi ukuthatha izithombe kwikhamera endala.
Okunye ukusetshenziswa kukususwa kwe-iodine enemisebe. Njengoba inamandla amaningi okukhipha izikweledu, kuphakanyiswe ukuthi kususwe i-iodine enemisebe etholakala ezincithakalweni ezinamandla ezikhiqizwa ezikhungweni zamandla enuzi.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi nge-iodide yesiliva nokusetshenziswa kwayo.