Ezikhathini zakudala amazwekazi ayengahlelwanga njengoba enziwa namuhla. Ekuqaleni kwakho konke kwakukhona izwekazi elilodwa kuphela elenza indawo enkulu yomhlaba. Leli zwekazi labizwa I-Pangea. Yayikhona ngesikhathi sePaleozoic esedlule futhi Mesozoic kusenesikhathi. Lesi sikhathi senzeka cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-335 edlule. Kamuva, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-200 edlule, lesi sihlabathi esikhulukazi saqala ukwehlukana ngenxa yokunyakaza kwamapuleti e-tectonic futhi kwahlukanisa amazwekazi njengoba siwazi namuhla.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi ngePangea, ukuvela kwayo nokubaluleka kwayo.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ingxenye enkulu yaleli zwekazi yayigxile eningizimu yezwe. Okuwukuphela kolwandle olwaluzungezile kwathiwa iPanthalassa. Impilo yasePangea yayihlukile kunanamhlanje. Isimo sezulu sasifudumele futhi impilo yezilwane nezitshalo yayihluke ngokuphelele. Ezinye zezilwane ezaziphila eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-160 lapho leli zwekazi lalikhona kwakungu-traversodontids kanye ne-Shringasaurus indicus. Lezi yizilwane ezibonakala ngokuba nezimpondo ezimbili zangaphambili nobude bomzimba okungaphezulu noma ngaphansi ngamamitha ama-4. Amabhungane okuqala nama-cicadas avele kule ndawo enkulu yezwe. Sekuhlwile vele Isikhathi se-Triassic lapho izilwane ezinwabuzelayo eziningi zanda. Ama-dinosaurs okuqala akhiwa anyathela iPangea.
Akukho okuningi okwaziwayo ngempilo yasolwandle ngoba izinsalela zemvelo azitholakalanga kangako olwandle iPanthalassa. Kucatshangwa ukuthi Ama-ammonoid, ama-brachiopod, izipontshi namakhorali kwakuyizilwane ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi.. Futhi ukuthi lezi zilwane ziye zajwayela eminyakeni edlule. Ngokuqondene nezimbali, kwakuyizitho zokuzivocavoca ezazilawula. Lezi zitshalo bezishintsha zonke izitshalo ezikhiqiza inhlamvu.
U-Alfred Wegener noPangea
Le ndoda yayingusosayensi waseJalimane, umcwaningi, i-geophysicist, isazi sesimo sezulu esagqama ngokuba ngumqambi wethiyori ye Ukukhukhuleka kwezwekazi. Yile ndoda eyaqala ukuhlela imibono yokuthi amazwekazi abe nokunyakaza okuhamba kancane eminyakeni edlule. Le nhlangano ayikaze ime futhi namuhla kuyaziwa ukuthi kubangelwa yimisinga ye-convection engubeni yoMhlaba.
Lo mqondo wokuhamba kwamazwekazi yakhuliswa ngo-1912 kepha ayemukelwa kwaze kwaba ngo-1950, eminyakeni engama-20 ngemuva kokufa kwakhe. Futhi ukuthi izifundo ezahlukahlukene zepaleomagnetism kwakudingeka zenziwe inhloso yazo kwakuwukuhlaziya amandla kazibuthe womhlaba njengamanje esikhathini esedlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu cwaningo futhi luhlose ukwazi ukuthi kwakukhona kuphi amapuleti ama-tectonic phambilini.
Konke kwaqala lapho u-Alfred Wegener ebuka i-atlas futhi ezibuza ukuthi ngabe uhlaka lwamazwekazi luyahlangana yini. Wabona kanjalo-ke ukuthi amazwekazi ake aba yimbumba. Ngemva kokufunda okwengeziwe wakwazi ukuchaza ukuba khona kwezwekazi elikhulu alibiza ngokuthi iPangea. Ukuhlukaniswa kwaleli zwekazi elikhulu kwakuyinqubo ehamba kancane kakhulu eyathatha izigidi zeminyaka futhi yaqala ukuhlukanisa izingxenye ezisele zomhlaba ezakha amazwekazi ayisithupha anamuhla.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwepuleti le-Tectonic
Kuwo wonke umlando kunososayensi abaningi abake bazama ukuphinda ukuthi ukuhamba kwamazwekazi bekungasuka kanjani esikhundleni sePangea kuze kube namuhla. Kuyaziwa kusuka ezifundweni ezahlukahlukene ukuthi amapuleti ama-tectonic ahamba njalo njengoba etholakala ngaphezu kwendawo ebonakalayo noma ingubo. Lesi sambatho esibucayi sihambisana nezinto zokwenziwa kwengubo yasemhlabeni. Le mizila yokuhlangana yengubo idala ukufuduka kwamazwekazi ngenxa yokuhamba kwenqwaba yabantu ngenxa yokwehluka kobuningi. Kutholakale futhi lapho kunezimo lapho amapuleti ephuka futhi ahlukane ngokushesha okukhulu.
Olunye ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwamapuleti e-tectonic kwenzeka ngezigaba ezimbili. Isigaba sokuqala yilapho ukunyakaza kwamazwekazi kubonakala khona. Okwesibili yilapho, ngemva kwezigidi zeminyaka zokwelula, amapuleti aba mncane kakhulu, aphuka, futhi ahlukane, okuvumela amanzi olwandle ukuba angene phakathi kwawo.
Impilo ngaphambi kukaPangea yayihluke ngokuphelele. Izwekazi nempilo akuvelanga ngaleli lizwekazi. Ngaphambi kwalokho kwakukhona amanye amazwekazi afana neRodinia, Columbia nePannotia. Emininingwaneni elinganiselwe, uRodinia wayekhona eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1,100 edlule; I-Columbia phakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-1,800 kanye ne-1,500 eyedlule futhi iPannotia inemininingwane enembile. Lokhu kuhamba kwamazwekazi kukhombisa ukuthi kungakapheli izigidi zeminyaka ukwabiwa komhlaba kuzohluka kunalokho okukhona njengamanje. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umhlaba uhamba njalo. Kuliqiniso ukuthi ukwabiwa kwamazwekazi kwakuhluke ngokuphelele phakathi kwezigidi zeminyaka.
Lapho iPangea izala iGondwana neLaurasia, kwavela ugu lokuqala kanye noLwandlekazi i-Atlantic ne-Indian Ocean. Ulwandle olwahlukanisa lezi zingxenye ezimbili zomhlaba lwabizwa ngokuthi iTethys.
IPangea, eyedlule neyesikhathi esizayo
Yize impilo ngokuzayo izohluka, ubuchwepheshe busivumela ukuthi siphinde sisebenzise ukuthi umhlaba wethu uzobukeka kanjani eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-250. Yilesi sikhathi lapho kucatshangwa ukuthi kuzoba noshintsho olukhulu futhi sekubhabhadiswe igama likaPangea Ultima noma uNeopangea.
Konke lokhu kungukucabanga nje, izincazelo ziyaqhubeka zenziwe ososayensi abafunde ukuhamba kwamapuleti ama-tectonic iminyaka eminingi. Uma umhlaba ungatholi mthelela kuma-asteroid, esinye isenzeko esingaguqula ngokuphelele umhlaba wonke womhlaba, kucatshangwa ukuthi kuncane kakhulu oLwandlekazi i-Atlantic oluzosala ngoba uquqaba lwamazwekazi luzophinde lubuyele endaweni yezwekazi elikhulu.
I-Afrika nayo ilinganiselwa ukushayisana neYurophu ne-Australia izothuthela enyakatho ukuze igcine ngokujoyina izwekazi lase-Asia. Lokho wukuthi, iplanethi yethu izoba yinto efana nokuthi yayinjani eminyakeni ecishe ibe yizigidi ezingama-335 edlule.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngePangea nezici zayo.