Sibuyela emuva enkathini yePaleozoic esikhathini sayo sokugcina. Imayelana ne- I-Permian. IPermian yisikhathi esibhekwa njengokuhlukaniswa kwalesi silinganiso se- isikhathi sokuma komhlaba. Kwakuyinkathi eyaqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-299 edlule futhi yaphela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-251 edlule. Njengasezikhathini eziningi zokuma komhlaba ezenzeke kule planethi, izigaba yizo ezichaza isiqalo nesiphetho senkathi ebonakala kahle.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ngazo zonke izici nezenzakalo ze-geological ezenzeka ngesikhathi sePermian.
Izici eziyinhloko
Lolu lwazi lokuthi isiqalo nesiphetho senkathi yokwakheka komhlaba akumakwanga ngokuphelele. Ngenxa ye-strata, singakwazi ukwazi ukuthi baneminyaka emingaki. Ukuphela kwesikhathi se-Permian kumakwa isehlakalo esikhulu sokushabalala esenzeka ngokunembe kakhulu ngale dethi. I-Permian yandulelwa izinkathi ezithile njenge-Carboniferous futhi ilandelwa ezinye izinkathi ezifana ne-Triassic. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nalobu budlelwano besikhashana, ungafunda mayelana I-Triassic.
Igama lePermian kungenxa yamadiphozithi amakhulu futhi abanzi atholakala esifundeni esizungeze idolobha lasePerm eRussia. Izinqolobane ezitholakele ikakhulukazi zingqimba ezibomvu ezinenzika yezwekazi kanye nokuchayeka kolwandle okungajulile kakhulu.
Sonke lesi sikhathi kube nezinguquko ezinkulu zezulu emhlabeni wonke ngokubaluleka okukhulu. Umkhuba ojwayelekile wawusuka esimweni sezulu esishisayo saya ezimweni ezomile nezomile. Ngakho-ke, kungashiwo ukuthi ukuthambekela kwamazinga okushisa ngalesi sikhathi kuzokwanda. Ngesikhathi sePermian kwakukhona ukusikwa kwamaxhaphozi nayo yonke imizimba yamanzi angaphezulu.
Iningi lama-fern ezihlahla kanye nezilwane ezihlala emanzini ezihlala emanzini ezazidinga izimo ezimanzi zaqala ukwehla. Futhi uma izimo zemvelo zingezimbi, isikhathi sokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha zemvelo siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ama-fern azala imbewu, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinjengezilwane ezincelisayo yizo ezizuze ifa lomhlaba.
I-Permian Geology
Izinguzunga zeqhwa ezazivele zikhona ngesikhathi seCarboniferous sezivele zikhona endaweni eseningizimu yeGondwana. Ngenxa yokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa emhlabeni wonke, lawa maqhwa ahlehla kulo lonke elasePermian. Ngalesi sikhathi i-orogeny yeHercynian ingathuthukiswa sibonga izinga eliphezulu lomsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba. Njengoba amapuleti e-tectonic ayeshintsha kakhulu, le orogeny yakwazi ukwakheka, okwaholela ekwakhekeni kwezwekazi elikhulu elibizwa ngokuthi iPangea.
Lapho le nkathi iqala, iplanethi yethu yayisanyakaza ngenxa yemiphumela yokugcina yeqhwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zonke izifunda zasePolar zazimbozwe izingqimba ezinkulu zeqhwa. Izinga lolwandle ngesikhathi sePermian lahlala liphansi ngokujwayelekile. Kwakukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kweSiberia neMpumalanga Yurophu kulo lonke Izintaba zase-Ural yini ekhiqizile inyunyana ecishe iphelele yezwekazi lonke elibizwa ngePangea.
ENingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia sithola ukuphela komhlaba omkhulu kuphela owahlukaniswa nokunye futhi ozohlala unjalo phakathi ne- Mesozoic. IPangea yayisenkabazwe futhi yelulelwa ngasezigxotsheni ngomthelela ohambisana nawo emisinga yolwandle. Ngalesi sikhathi ngesikhathi sokwakheka komhlaba kwakukhona ulwandle olukhulu olubizwa ngePanthalassa. Lolu lwandle lubhekwa "njengolwandle lomhlaba wonke." Bekukhona ne-Paleo Tethys Ocean, ephakathi kwe-Asia ne-Gondwana. Izwekazi laseCimmeria lakhiwa kusukela emfantwini phakathi kweGondwana kanye nomfula obheke enyakatho. Lokhu kuholele ekuvalweni okuphelele kolwandle iPaleo Tethys. Yile ndlela ulwandle olusha olwalukhula ngayo ekugcineni kwelanga olwaziwa ngokuthi yiTethys Ocean olwaluzobusa kakhulu eMesozoic.
Isimo sezulu sePermian
Ngenxa yokwanda kwamazinga okushisa omhlaba, bekunezindawo ezibanzi zamazwekazi ezakha izimo zezulu ezinokwehluka okumbalwa kakhulu phakathi kokushisa nokubanda. Izindawo ezagqama ngesimo sezulu esibandayo yilezi esizibiza namuhla ukuthi yisimo sezulu sezwekazi. Kulezi zimo zezulu bekunezimo zezimvula ezinemvula yonyaka.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esigqamile ngokuba namazinga okushisa aphezulu sithola izingwadule ezisakazeke kakhulu. Izimo ezomile zithande ukunwetshwa kanye nobubanzi bokusatshalaliswa kwama-gymnosperms. Lezi izitshalo ezinembewu evalwe ngesembozo esiyisivikelo esinezinga eliphezulu lokusinda ngaphansi kwezimo ezomile. Izitshalo ezifana ne-Tehran ferns zidinga ukuhlakaza izinhlamvu zazo futhi zibe nokuhlehla okuphakeme kakhulu.
Izihlahla okungenzeka zanwetshwa ngesikhathi sezulu sePermian kwakungu-conifers, ama-ginkgo nama-cycads. Amazinga olwandle ngokuvamile ahlala ephansi. Lokhu kwabangela ukuthi imvelo eseduze nogu ikhawulelwe inyunyana cishe yawo wonke amazwekazi amakhulu ibe yizwekazi elikhulu elilodwa.
Lesi sizathu kungenzeka ukuthi sabangela ingxenye yokuqothulwa okubanzi kwezinhlobo zasolwandle ekupheleni kwalesi sikhathi. Imbangela enkulu ukwehliswa okunzima kwezindawo ezisogwini ezinendawo ephansi engaphezulu ebikhethwa kakhulu yizinto eziningi zasolwandle ukuhlala nokuthola ukudla.
Ngenxa yokwakheka kwezintaba ezibalulekile ezifana i-Hercynian eyodwa yanikela ekuthandeni ukuqhathanisa kwesimo sezulu kuyo yonke iplanethi. Kwakhiwe imigoqo eminingi yasendaweni eyenza izintaba ezisanda kwakhiwa zaqhubeka nokukhetha ukukhethwa kwezulu elihlukile. Ngokuqondene nezifunda zePolar, bekuseyizindawo ezibandayo impela kanti nezindawo ezisenkabazwe zifudumele impela.
Fauna
Izilwane zasolwandle zazifana ngesikhathi seDevonia neCarboniferous ngaphandle kwamaqembu amaningana ezinto ezafa ekuqothulweni okukhulu. Kube nokuvela okuphezulu kakhulu kwezinambuzane ezibukeka zanamuhla. Imali yasolwandle etholakale ezilwaneni zasePermian icebile ezinsalela zama-brachiopods, ama-echinoderms nama-mollusks.
I-phytoplankton yayiqukethe ama-acritarchs futhi yaqhubeka yize yayingatholakali ngaphambi kokuqothulwa okukhulu kokuphela kwe-Devonia. Okusakazeke kakhulu kwakungama-ammonoid futhi kwavela abameleli abakhulu be-nautiloids. Amaqembu okuqala ezinhlanzi akudala asevele anyamalele, njengama-placoderms nama-ostracoderms, nawo avele.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngePermian.