I-Aluminium iyingxenye yensimbi emelelwa uphawu "Al" ku-periodic table futhi iyisici sesithathu esivame kakhulu oqweqweni loMhlaba: u-8% woqweqwe lomhlaba uqukethe i-aluminiyamu ezinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene. Baningi izakhiwo ze-aluminium okwenza kube yinsimbi esetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi yiziphi izakhiwo ze-aluminium, ukubaluleka kwayo nokunye okuningi.
Umlando othile
I-Aluminium yaqala ukuhlukaniswa phakathi 1825 yisazi sefiziksi saseDanish u-HC Orsted futhi namuhla, kanye nensimbi, insimbi esetshenziswa kakhulu abantu.. Lesi sakhi sitholakala futhi ekwakhekeni kwamadwala amaningi nezinto eziphilayo. Kodwa-ke, emvelweni ayitholakali esimweni sayo esihlanzekile, kodwa njengengxenye yama-silicates namaminerali amaningi.
Ngenxa yesisindo sayo esilula, i-ductility enhle, impilo ende yesevisi nokumelana nokugqwala, ingenye yezinsimbi eziwusizo kakhulu futhi esetshenziswa kakhulu abantu embonini. Isetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zama-alloys ukwenza inani elikhulu lezitsha nezitsha, kanye nezingxenye zemishini ehlukahlukene.
Izakhiwo ze-aluminium
Lezi ezinye zezakhiwo ze-aluminium ezenza idume futhi isetshenziswe emhlabeni wonke:
- Ukukhanya: I-Aluminium yaziwa ngokuba yi-lightweight ngokwedlulele. Ukuminyana kwayo cishe kuyingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kwensimbi, okuyenza ibe yinto ekahle yokusetshenziswa lapho kudingeka khona amandla aphezulu nesisindo esincane, njengasembonini ye-aerospace kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezimoto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhanya kwayo namandla kuyenza ibe enye indlela ephumelelayo kwezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo eziningi.
- Good conductivity kagesi kanye ezishisayo: I-Aluminium iyi-conductor enhle kakhulu kagesi nokushisa. Lokhu kuyenza ibaluleke ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukudluliswa okusebenzayo kwamandla kagesi noma ukuchithwa kokushisa, njengezintambo zikagesi nezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi, lapho ukuhanjiswa kubaluleke khona.
- Ukumelana nokugqwala: I-Aluminium inongqimba lwe-oxide yemvelo ebusweni bayo obuyivikela ekugqwaleni. Lesi sendlalelo esincanyana, esiziphilisayo sisinika ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu, okusenza silungele ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinomswakama noma ezigqwalile, isici esibalulekile ekwakhiweni nasezimbonini ezihlukahlukene.
- I-malleability kanye nokulula kokubunjwaI-Aluminiyamu ithambile futhi ingakhiwa ibe yizimo ezihlukahlukene ngokusebenzisa izinqubo zokugingqika, ukukhipha, kanye nokufoja. Lokhu kuyenza ibe yinto eguquguqukayo yokwenza izingxenye zangokwezifiso nezingxenye, ezilungele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zezimboni ezahlukene.
- Ukusebenziseka kabusha: I-Aluminium igaywa kabusha kakhulu. Ingancibilika futhi igaywe kabusha ngokuphindaphindiwe ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa izici zayo eziyisisekelo, iyenze ibe impahla esimeme futhi evumelana nemvelo. Eqinisweni, ukugaywa kabusha kwe-aluminium kuyinqubo edla amandla amancane kakhulu kunokukhiqizwa kwe-aluminium eyinhloko.
- Ukubukeka kobuhle: I-Aluminium inombala osiliva ogqamile, okhangayo oyenza idume ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zobuhle ezifana nokupakishwa, amafreyimu amawindi, nezinto zokuhlobisa. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo nasekwakhiweni nakho kugqamisa ubuhle bayo bobuhle nokusebenza kwayo.
- Ukumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphansi: Ngokungafani nezinye izinto eziba brittle emazingeni okushisa aphansi, i-aluminium igcina amandla ayo kanye nokusebenziseka kalula ngisho nasemazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu, okuyenza ibe wusizo ezinhlelweni ze-cryogenic lapho ukuzinza kuyadingeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu.
ukusetshenziswa kwe-aluminium
Inqubo evamile yokuthola i-aluminium ivela ku-bauxite, i-mineral eningi eMhlabeni. Le nqubo idinga amandla amakhulu kagesi, okusho ukuthi kuyinqubo ebiza kakhulu, kodwa umphumela uyimpahla ewusizo enempilo ende (i-corrosion resistant) kanye nezindleko eziphansi kakhulu zokuvuselela kabusha. Konke lokhu kuyasiza ukuba intengo ezinzile futhi iba isici sezomnotho.
I-Aluminium iyisici esimaphakathi nesiguquguqukayo ezimbonini eziningi zabantu, enezinto eziningi ezisetshenziswayo. Kusukela ekwakhiweni kwezingxenye zensimbi kanye nezingxenye zemishini, kokubili ngendlela ehlanzekile kanye nama-alloys (ikakhulukazi lawo afaka isandla ekuqineni kwawo), ekukhiqizeni izibuko, iziqukathi ezihlukahlukene, amashidi e-aluminium, ama-tetrahedron, ama-telescopes, nezingxenye ezishiselwe. Akumangalisi ukuthi isetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni, kwezokuthutha, nakugesi.
I-Aluminium ibikhona kuwo wonke umlando wesintu ngendlela kasawoti futhi isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha nasekuhlanzeni okomile. Kodwa ayizange ibonakale njengento emsulwa kwaze kwaba ngu-1825, lapho isazi sefiziksi saseDenmark u-HC Orsted ekwazile ukuthola amasampula angcolile nge-electrolysis. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, uFriedrich Wöhler wathola isampula yokuqala emsulwa.
Ekuqaleni yayithathwa njengensimbi eyigugu futhi yaboniswa nama-French Crown Jewels ngo-1855, kodwaUkusetshenziswa kwayo kabanzi kanye nezindleko eziphansi kwayenza yaba insimbi evamile.
Ezinye izakhiwo ze-aluminium: ukusebenza kabusha, ukugaywa kabusha kanye nobuthi
I-Aluminium iyasebenza kakhulu, nakuba imelana nokugqwala ngongqimba lwe-aluminium oxide (Al2O3) eyakhayo nxazonke lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo futhi ivikela enye ingxenye yensimbi ekugqwaleni. Ingahlanjululwa kalula nge-hydrochloric acid (noma i-sodium hydroxide (NaOH) kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zama-acids nezisekelo.
I-Aluminium ingakwazi ukugaywa kabusha ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokushintsha izakhiwo zayo ezibonakalayo, okunikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu zezomnotho ngaphezu kwezinye izinsimbi. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okudingekayo kule nqubo nakho kuncane kakhulu. (u-5% kuphela wenqubo yokuqala yokukhiqiza). Le aluminium ye-recast ibizwa ngokuthi "i-aluminium yesibili."
Njengoba i-aluminium iyinsimbi ethambile futhi ayimelani kakhulu nokudonsa ngomshini, inokusetshenziswa okuningi kodwa ayinconywa njengempahla yesakhiwo. Ngalo mqondo, ngokuvamile ihlanganiswa nezinye izinsimbi ukusiza ukuyiqinisa, njenge-magnesium, i-manganese, ithusi, i-zinc ne-silicon, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ne-titanium ne-chromium.
Ama-alloys e-aluminium akhonjwa ngochungechunge:
- Uchungechunge 1000. Cishe msulwa. Cishe u-99% uyi-aluminium.
- Uchungechunge 2000. Ingxube yethusi.
- Uchungechunge 3000. Ama-alloys aqukethe i-manganese.
- Uchungechunge 4000. Ama-alloys aqukethe i-silicon.
- Uchungechunge 5000. ingxubevange ye-magnesium.
- Uchungechunge 6000. Magnesium kanye ne-silicon alloys.
- Series 7000. Zinc ingxubevange.
- Uchungechunge 8000. Ama-alloys anezinye izakhi zensimbi nezingezona ezensimbi.
Ngokuphambene nalokho osekukholelwa amashumi eminyaka, i-aluminium ayinabungozi kubantu. Inobuthi obuncane ngoba i-aluminium ukudla kudonswa ngamanani amancane ngokusebenzisa amathumbu. Kodwa-ke, ukuhogela uthuli lwe-aluminium noma ukudla okugcwele isici kungabangela ukulimala kwesibindi nezinso, noma izimpawu ze-neurotoxic, okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kuhlolwa ukusetshenziswa kwe-aluminium ezinhlelweni ezihlukene.
Amazinga aphakeme e-aluminium nawo axhunyaniswa nokuqala kwesifo i-Alzheimer's.
