I-nitrogen iyisici samakhemikhali esitholakala emvelweni ngesimo segesi ye-diatomic, okusho ukuthi yakhiwe ama-athomu amabili e-nitrogen ahlanganiswe ndawonye (N₂). Uphawu lwayo kuthebula le-periodic luthi "N," futhi luyingxenye eyinhloko yomkhathi woMhlaba, ohlanganisa cishe u-78% wokwakheka kwawo. Lokhu kuyenza ibe igesi echichima kakhulu emoyeni wethu. Abantu abaningi abazi ukuthi yini izakhiwo ze-nitrogen.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ukuthi yiziphi izakhiwo eziyinhloko ze-nitrogen, izici zayo nokubaluleka kwayo.
Izici eziyinhloko
Isici esibalulekile se-nitrogen wumlingiswa wayo ongenaphunga futhi ongenaphunga. Emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni nasezimweni ezivamile zokucindezela, i-nitrogen iyigesi engenambala nengenakunambitheka. Lokhu kuntuleka kokusebenza kabusha kuyenza ibe wusizo ezinhlelweni eziningi zezimboni, njenge ukupholisa kanye nokugcinwa kokudla nezinto zokwakha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nitrogen idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuleni umjikelezo we-nitrogen, okuvumela izinto eziphilayo ukuba zifinyelele lesi sici esibalulekile, kanye nokukhiqizwa komanyolo.
Nakuba i-nitrogen ibalulekile ekuphileni eMhlabeni, i-nitrogen yasemkhathini esesimweni sayo segesi ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa ngokuqondile yizinto eziphilayo. Ukuze izidalwa eziphilayo zikwazi ukusizakala ngalesi sakhi, kufanele siqale siguqulwe sibe izinhlanganisela zenitrogenous ezincibilikayo nezingafaneli. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yezinqubo ezifana nokulungiswa kwe-nitrogen, lapho izinhlobo ezithile zamagciwane nezitshalo zingaguqula i-nitrogen yasemkhathini ibe amafomu awusizo, njengama-nitrate namaprotheni.
Ngokwezimboni, i-nitrogen eyi-liquid isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokupholisa ezahlukahlukene, njenge i-cryopreservation yamasampula ebhayoloji nezinto ezizwela ukushisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nitrogen iyingxenye ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali amaningi, kuhlanganise nomanyolo, okubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umkhiqizo wezolimo. nokukhula kwezitshalo.
Izakhiwo ze-nitrogen
Izici zomzimba ze-nitrogen
I-nitrogen iyigesi engenaphunga, engenambala futhi engenambitheki eyenza u-78% womoya esiwuphefumulayo. Kuyi-nonmetal enegesi ngomfutho ojwayelekile kanye nezinga lokushisa. Iphuzu layo lokuncibilika lingu-210°C kanti indawo yalo yokubilisa lingu-195,79°C. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inobuningi be-1,25046 kg / m3 futhi ayiyona umqhubi omuhle kagesi noma ukushisa. Ukwengeza, kubalulekile ukucabangela izinguquko zamakhemikhali okungenzeka esifundeni sakho, okuhlanganisa izakhiwo nezicelo.
i-nitrogen isotopes
Ama-isotopes e-nitrogen azinzile ayi-14N kanye ne-15N, eyangaphambili igcwele kakhulu kunalena yakamuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye ama-isotopes anemisebe afana ne-12N, 13N, 16N kanye ne-17N angatholakala, abalulekile ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene zesayensi.
izakhiwo ze-athomu
- Isisindo se-athomu: 14,0067 amu (iyunithi ye-atomic mass)
- Inombolo ye-athomu: 7
- Isimboli: N
- Irediyasi ye-athomu: 56pm (picometer)
- Isimo se-oxidation: -3, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5
Isimo sokuqoqwa kwe-nitrogen
Emvelweni, i-nitrogen ikhona esimweni segesi. Nokho, abantu bakwazile ukuguqula lesi simo sibe uketshezi kanye nezinto eziqinile ngokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa nokucindezela. Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwayo okugqame kakhulu kusesimweni esiwuketshezi, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-nitrogen ewuketshezi kufanele isetshenziselwe izinhloso ezithile kuphela kanye nezinyathelo ezifanele. Ngenxa yokushisa kwayo okuwuketshezi okuphansi kakhulu, kungalimaza isikhumba futhi kubangele isithwathwa. Lokhu kubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwe-cryopreservation.
Itholakala kanjani
I-nitrogen ingatholakala emithonjeni eyahlukene, kodwa indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu yokukhiqizwa kwayo ngobuningi ngenqubo yokukhishwa kwe-fractional distillation emoyeni. Umkhathi uqukethe inani elikhulu le-nitrogen ngesimo segesi ye-diatomic (N₂), kanye nomoya-mpilo, i-argon, namanye amagesi.
Inqubo yokuthola i-nitrogen iqala ngokucindezelwa komoya osemkhathini. Umoya ocindezelweyo upholiswa ngohlelo lwesiqandisi, okubangela ukujiya kanye nokwakheka koketshezi. Ngochungechunge lwemibhoshongo ye-distillation, umoya we-liquid uthola ukuhlukaniswa kwe-fractional ngokusekelwe kumaphuzu awo abilayo.
Ngenxa yokuthi i-nitrogen inephuzu eliphansi lokubilisa kune-oksijini nezinye izingxenye zomoya, ihwamuka ngokushesha futhi igxile phezulu emibhoshongweni yokuphuza utshwala. Ngakho-ke, i-nitrogen enegesi iyaqoqwa futhi igcinwe ukuze isetshenziswe ezimbonini kanye nezicelo ezikhethekile.
Ngaphezu kwe-fractional distillation yomoya, zikhona ezinye izindlela zokuthola i-nitrogen ngamanani amancane noma ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Isibonelo, amabhaktheriya athile nezitshalo zingalungisa i-nitrogen yasemkhathini ngezinqubo zebhayoloji, okuyinzuzo ekuthuthukiseni ukuvunda komhlabathi nokukhiqiza kwezolimo.
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Imisebenzi ye-nitrogen emvelweni nakubantu
I-nitrogen yenza umnikelo obalulekile emvelweni: ngaphandle kwalesi sici, ukuphila eMhlabeni bekungeke kwenzeke. Lesi sakhi siyingxenye yamaprotheni nama-nucleic acid (i-DNA ne-RNA), ngakho siyingxenye yesisekelo sokuphila.
Nakuba i-nitrogen enegesi ikhona ngobuningi emkhathini woMhlaba, izitshalo zikuthola kunzima ukumunca ngale ndlela, bawahlanganisa njengama-ammonium ions noma ama-nitrate. Ngakho-ke, amanye amagciwane aguqula i-nitrogen ibe uhlobo izitshalo ezingalumunca ukuze izilwane zikwazi ukumunca izitshalo futhi zimunce i-nitrogen ngale nqubo. Lokhu kuyenza ibaluleke kwezolimo, ngaphezu kweqhaza layo elibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kukamanyolo.
Ngamanye amazwi, amabhaktheriya awakwazi ukuguqula inhlabathi ibe isisekelo esivundile sezitshalo ngaphandle kokuba khona kwe-nitrogen. Ngakho-ke, i-nitrogen kukholakala ukuthi iphazamisa umjikelezo wempilo wezinto eziphilayo.
Phakathi kwemisebenzi ye-nitrogen kubantu sithola okulandelayo:
- Njengesilondolozi ekudleni okupakishiwe ngoba imisa i-oxidation.
- Ama-bulb aqukethe i-nitrogen, etholakala kalula kunalapho i-argon yayisetshenziswa esikhathini esidlule.
- Isetshenziswa eziqhumeni eziwuketshezi ukuvimbela ukuthi zingaqhumisi.
- Isetshenziselwa ukwenza izingxenye ze-electronic ezifana nama-transistors noma ama-circuits ahlanganisiwe.
- Isetshenziswa kuphethiloli wejethi ngoba isiza ukuvikela izingozi zomlilo.
- i-nitrogen ewuketshezi isiza ukulondoloza igazi namaplatelet.
- Ikhona cishe kuzo zonke izidakamizwa ezidliwayo (i-nitrous oxide isetshenziswa njengesibulala-zinzwa).
- Isetshenziselwa ukwenza insimbi engagqwali.
- Isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni umanyolo namanye amakhemikhali.
Iwuthinta kanjani umzimba
Kuvela ukuthi le nitrogen eyinkimbinkimbi ayizuzisi kangako empilweni. Eminye yemisebenzi yayo eyinhloko yilena elandelayo:
- Ukuncipha kokutholakala komoyampilo egazini.
- Yehlisa ukusebenza kwendlala yegilo.
- Ayivumeli i-vitamin A ukuthi ilungise kahle emzimbeni.
- Ikhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-nitrosamine, abangela ukuguqulwa kwamaseli (umdlavuza).
