Siyazi ukuthi i-oxygen iyigesi okudingeka siyiphefumule futhi ingenye yezimo ukuze ukuphila kuthuthuke ngendlela esiwazi ngayo. I izakhiwo ze-oxygen Ziningi futhi azidingeki kithi. Nokho, abantu abaningi abazazi.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ukuthi yiziphi izakhiwo eziyinhloko ze-oksijeni, izici zayo nokunye okuningi.
Yini umoya-mpilo
Umoya-mpilo uyikhemikhali ehlukaniswa njengengeyona eyensimbi. Ivamise ukutholakala endaweni enegesi futhi igcwele emkhathini woMhlaba. Empeleni, Ihlanganisa cishe u-20,8% womthamo wamanje womkhathi ngendlela yawo yamangqamuzana, i-O2. Emkhathini iyingxenye yesithathu egcwele kakhulu, ngemva kwe-hydrogen ne-helium. Umoya-mpilo uyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila njengoba siwuqonda, futhi ubaluleke kakhulu ekwakhekeni kwama-molecule amanzi, i-H2O, lapho ehlanganiswa ne-hydrogen.
Ngenxa yemvelo yayo esebenzayo, umoya-mpilo (O) awuvamile ukutholakala kusimo sawo sokuqala. Esikhundleni salokho, ngokuvamile ihlangana namanye ama-athomu omoya-mpilo ukwenza ama-molecule noma ihlangane nezinye izakhi ukuze yenze inhlanganisela yamakhemikhali.
Imvamisa, i-molecule ye-oksijini isesimweni se-diatomic (O2) ngaphansi kokucindezela okujwayelekile kwegumbi kanye nezinga lokushisa. Nokho, Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zemvelo, ingaba khona njenge-molecule ye-triatomic (i-ozone O3). Ngokwesibonelo, i-molecule ye-ozone ku-stratosphere idalwa ukuwohloka kwe-O2 ngokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-ozone ku-troposphere ikhiqizwa ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwe-photochemical phakathi kwama-nitrogen oxides nezinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezishintshashintshayo.
Ngenxa ye-reactivity ephezulu, ama-athomu ale elementi ethile angatholakala ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nezingaphili emhlabeni wonke, ezikhona ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zendaba. Ngenxa yalokho, iyisici esivame kakhulu emhlabeni nasemhlabeni.
Izici zomoya-mpilo
Lezi yizinto ezaziwa kakhulu futhi eziwusizo ze-oxygen:
- Uphawu lwekhemikhali nenombolo ye-athomu: I-oksijeni imelelwa uphawu "O" kuthebula le-periodic futhi inenombolo ye-athomu engu-8, okusho ukuthi inamaphrothoni angu-8 ku-nucleus yayo.
- Isimo somzimba: Emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni, umoya-mpilo usesimweni esinjengegesi, wakhe i-molecule i-O2. Lolu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-oxygen emkhathini woMhlaba.
- Ayinambala, ayinaphunga futhi ayinambitheki: I-oksijeni iyigesi engenambala, engenaphunga, futhi engenambitheki, okusho ukuthi ngeke sikwazi ukuyibona ngezinzwa zethu.
- Ukusebenza kabusha: Umoya-mpilo uyasebenza kakhulu. Ingasabela ngezinto ezihlukahlukene, futhi le mpahla ibalulekile ezinqubweni zomlilo kanye nasekuphefumuleni kwezinto eziphilayo.
- Usekelo lwempilo: Umoya-mpilo ubalulekile ekuphefumuleni kwe-aerobic kwezinto eziningi eziphilayo, kuhlanganise nabantu. Kule nqubo, umoya-mpilo usetshenziswa amangqamuzana ukuze akhiqize amandla.
- Ukushisa: Umoya-mpilo uyadingeka ukuze kushiswe. Uma ihlanganiswe nezinto ezivuthayo, njengekhabhoni enqubweni ye-oxidation, ikhiqiza ukushisa nokukhanya. Lokhu kubalulekile embonini nasekhishini, isibonelo.
- Ukunyibilika: Umoya-mpilo uyancibilika emanzini, okwenza izinto eziphila emanzini, njengezinhlanzi, ziwuthole emanzini ukuze ziphefumule. Le ndawo ifana nokuncibilika kwezinye izakhi emanzini, njenge-nitrogen, ongafunda ngayo ngokuningiliziwe esihlokweni sethu esithi. izakhiwo ze-nitrogen.
- Ubukhulu: Umoya-mpilo uminyene kunomoya, okusho ukuthi uvame ukunqwabelana ngaphansi kwezikhala ezivaliwe. Lesi sakhiwo sinomthelela ekuphepheni ezindaweni zezimboni.
- Izicelo zezimboni: I-oksijeni isetshenziswa emisebenzini ehlukahlukene yezimboni, okuhlanganisa ukushisela nokusika insimbi, ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi nengilazi, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe mayelana nezakhiwo zezinye izakhi, ungabheka amakhasi ethu kokuthi izakhiwo ze-aluminium o izinguquko zamakhemikhali ezinto.
- Imiphumela yezemvelo: I-oksijeni ibalulekile ezinqubweni zemvelo ezifana ne-oxidation yezinto eziphilayo ezibolayo kanye nokwakheka kwezingqimba ze-ozone ku-stratosphere, ezivikela uMhlaba emisebeni ye-ultraviolet. Lesi sici sokugcina sihlobene nokubaluleka kwe ozone emkhathini wethu.
Umsuka nokutholakala
Nakuba ezinye izici zomoya-mpilo zaziqashelwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo ngokutadisha umoya, kwaze kwaba ngo-1772 lapho. UCarl Wilhelm Scheele, usokhemisi waseSweden, wathola umoya-mpilo njengento. Phakathi nokuhlola ukushisa i-mercury oxide, wabona ukukhululwa “komoya emlilweni.”
Phakathi nenkathi efanayo, kwakunabanye ososayensi nabo abathola into efanayo nekaJoseph Priestley, umfundisi waseBrithani. Benza izivivinyo ezifanayo futhi bakunika igama elithi "dephlogisticated air."
Ngemva kwemisebenzi yakhe yokuqala, u-Antoine de Lavoisier wanikezela izifundo zakhe ekuhlaziyeni i-oxidation nokuvutha. Wachitha inkolelo yangaphambili yokuba khona kwe-“phlogiston,” okucatshangwa ukuthi itholakala kuzo zonke izinto zokubasa. Kunalokho, waveza ukuba khona kwento entsha yamakhemikhali: umoya-mpilo.
UJohn Dalton wasungula inkolelo-mbono yakhe ye-athomu ngo-1808. Lo mbono wabonisa ukuthi isakhi samakhemikhali ngasinye sakhiwa i-athomu eyodwa nokuthi inani elincane kakhulu le-elementi ngayinye lasetshenziswa ukuze kwakhe izinhlanganisela. UDalton wayekholelwa ukuthi ifomula yamakhemikhali yamanzi yayiyi-H O, nakuba lokhu kamuva kwatholakala ukuthi kwakungalungile. Ifomula yangempela yamanzi i-H2O.
Ngo-1877, izazi ze-physics uRaoul Pictet noLouis Paul Cailletet bakwazi ukuthola umoya-mpilo owuketshezi, nakuba inani lalinganele ukuyihlola. Nokho, usokhemisi uJames Dewar wakwazi ukuthola inani elanele lomoya-mpilo owuketshezi ukuze ahlaziywe ngokuqhubekayo ngo-1891. Ngo-1895, kwasungulwa indlela yokuqala yokukhiqiza umoya-mpilo owuketshezi obalulekile kwezohwebo.
Ezinye izakhiwo ze-oxygen
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zokushisa nengcindezi, umoya-mpilo awubonakali ngokubukeka futhi awunawo umbala, iphunga, noma ukunambitheka. Umoya-mpilo uncibilika kakhulu emanzini kune-nitrogen: Amanzi ahlanzekile anomoya-mpilo olinganiselwa ku-6,04 ml ilitha kanti amanzi olwandle ano-4,95 ml ilitha.
Ezingeni lokushisa elingu--182,95 °C, umoya-mpilo ungangena kunguquko ukusuka esimweni sawo segesi ukuya esimweni sawo soketshezi, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-condensation. Emazingeni okushisa aphansi ngisho nangokwengeziwe, -218,79 °C, ingashintsha isuka oketshezini iye kokuqinile noma iqhwa. Phakathi nale nqubo, umoya-mpilo uba nombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ocashile.
Ama-isotopu oksijini ayisici esibalulekile socwaningo lwesayensi. Lawa ma-isotopes ayizinhlobonhlobo zama-athomu omoya-mpilo anezinombolo ezahlukene zama-neutron, okubangela ukuhlukahluka kwesisindo se-athomu. Zisetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa i-geology, i-climatology, kanye ne-biology.
Ku-geology, ama-isotopes e-oxygen asetshenziselwa ukutadisha i-paleoclimate kanye ne-paleoenvironments ngokuhlola izilinganiso ze-oxygen isotope emadwaleni e-sedimentary. Ku-climatology, zisetshenziselwa ukutadisha izinguquko zesimo sezulu esidlule ngokulinganisa izilinganiso ze-oxygen isotope kuma-ice cores. Ukwengeza, kubhayoloji, ama-isotopes komoyampilo asetshenziswa ukulandelela amaphethini okufuduka kwezilwane futhi aqonde ukuthi izilwane zizivumelanisa kanjani nezimo ezahlukahlukene.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezakhiwo ze-oxygen nezici zayo.