Ngemuva kwezinhlekelele ezidalwe yisiphepho u-Irma, lokhu akukapheli. Iziqhingi zaseCaribbean zilinyazwe kabi yi-Irma ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba. Kodwa-ke, kufanele ulungiselele ukufika kwesinye isiphepho esisha: uMaria. Ukuze uqonde kangcono imiphumela yalezi zenzakalo, ungathola ulwazi mayelana izici zeSiphepho uMaria.
ISiphepho uMaría siqale njengesiphepho esishisayo, kodwa ngaleli Sonto sibe yisiphepho, sibhalisa imimoya efinyelela kumakhilomitha ayi-120 ngehora. Kuthiwani ngalesi siphepho esisha?
ISiphepho uMaria
Lesi siphepho siseyiSiphepho seSigaba 1 futhi sitholakala kumakhilomitha angama-200 enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeBarbados. Njengoba ihamba, izofika e-Leeward Islands namhlanje ebusuku futhi idlulele kude enyakatho-mpumalanga yoLwandle lweCaribbean kusasa.
Lesi siphepho sizokwazi ukukhiqiza amagagasi amakhulu futhi abhubhisayo ngenxa yokuvunguza komoya. Lokhu kungadala ulwandle lukhuphuka phakathi kwamamitha ayi-1,2 no-1,8 lapho edabula iziQhingi zaseLeeward. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvula ephezulu engaba amasentimitha angu-51 iye yabikezelwa kulezo ziqhingi, ePuerto Rico, naseBritish and U.S. Virgin Islands ngoLwesithathu ebusuku. Lokhu kungase kubangele izikhukhula ezisongela ukuphila kanye nokudilika kwenhlabathi. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nomthelela walezi zenzakalo esifundeni, sincoma ukuthi uvakashele isixhumanisi mayelana IPuerto Rico kanye neziQhingi zaseVirgin ngemva kweSiphepho uMaria.
Iwashi lesiphepho lifaka futhi isiqhingi saseMartinique, i-Antigua neBarbuda, iSaba ne-Saint Eustatius ne-Saint Lucia. Khonamanjalo, isiqhingi saseFrance iGuadeloupe sizobe siqaphile ngeziphepho eziqala emini kulo Msombuluko. Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nemininingwane yalezi zenzakalo ku isizini yeziphepho zika-2017.
Izincomo zesiphepho
Into enhle kulezi zimo akukhona ukuhamba, kepha ukufuna indawo yokuhlala ezindlini noma ezindaweni eziphephile. Unethemba lokuthi iSiphepho uMaria singafinyelela esigabeni sesi-3 lapho sidlula eGuadalupe. Amagagasi angaba ngamamitha ayi-10 ukuphakama futhi afike ku-180km / h nemvula engama-400-millimeter. Ungathola okwengeziwe mayelana Isiphepho i-Irma kanye nomthelela waso esifundeni ukuqonda kangcono umongo.
Isiphepho sesibili, uJosé, naso siyasebenza e-Atlantic futhi sibangele izixwayiso zesiphepho esishisayo enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-United States.
Kulo mongo, kubalulekile ukuqonda hhayi kuphela umkhondo weziphepho ezifana no-Maria, kodwa nomthelela ezingaba nawo ezifundeni ezizithintayo. Izivunguvungu yizehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu ezingadala umonakalo omkhulu engqalasizinda, umnotho, ikakhulukazi impilo yabantu. Ngalo mqondo, iSiphepho uMaria sibe esinye sezicekeceke kakhulu emlandweni wakamuva waseCaribbean.
ISiphepho uMaria savela egagasini elishisayo elisuka ogwini lwase-Afrika futhi saqala ukwakheka njengoba sisondela oLwandlekazi i-Atlantic. Ifinyelele isimo sesiphepho esishisayo ngo-September 16 futhi, ngemva kwamahora angu-24, yaba isiphepho seSigaba 1 Nokho, ukuqina kwayo kwakushesha, kwafinyelela isimo seSigaba 5 ngaphambi kokuwa eDominica nasePuerto Rico, lapho kwabangela khona umonakalo omkhulu. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngomthelela e-Dominica, ungabheka isihloko esithi ISiphepho uMaria kanye nomthelela waso eDominica.
Indlela uMaria ayehamba ngayo yaholela ekushintshashintsheni kokuqina kwesiphepho kanye nemiphumela kuyo yonke indlela yaso edabula iCaribbean. Umthelela omubi kakhulu wezwakala ePuerto Rico, lapho abantu abangaphezu kuka-80% beshiywe bengenawo ugesi, futhi ingqalasizinda yomphakathi neyangasese yacekelwa phansi. Lokhu kudala izinselelo eziningi zokuvuselela nokwakhiwa kabusha kwesiqhingi. Uma ufuna ukujula kulesi sihloko, bheka.
Umthelela ePuerto Rico
Umthelela weSiphepho uMaria ePuerto Rico wawuyinhlekelele. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukwakhiwa kabusha kwesiqhingi kuzobiza izigidigidi zamarandi, futhi umonakalo kunzima ukuwuchaza. Lesi siphepho sathatha ukuphila kwabantu okungenani be-10 futhi sashiya ingqalasizinda kagesi ibhujiswe ngokuphelele, igalelo abantu basePuerto Rican ababengakaze babhekane nalo kusukela ngo-1929. Lesi senzakalo sihlobene nokukhathazeka okukhulayo mayelana ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nomthelela wako ezimeni ezimbi kakhulu.
Ukuwa kwenkonzo kagesi kungenye yezinkinga eziningi ezaqubuka ngemva kwesiphepho. Ukuncika kwe- imithombo yamandla yendabuko Ngengqalasizinda ebalulekile, ukubuyiselwa kwezidingongqangi ezifana namanzi ahlanzekile, ukuthuthwa kwendle, kanye nokutholakala kokudla bekunzima kakhulu. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu lapho kuhlaziywa iziphepho ezibhubhisa kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva.
Ukuhlaziywa komonakalo olandela iSiphepho uMaria kubonise ukuthi, ngaphezu kokulahlekelwa okuqondile kwezomnotho, kunemiphumela yesibili ethinta kakhulu umphakathi wasePuerto Rican. Ukufuduka kunyukile, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi phakathi kuka-114,000 no-213,000 abantu basePuerto Rican bazosishiya lesi siqhingi minyaka yonke ngenxa yezimo eziye zavela ngemva kwesiphepho. Ukuze uthole ukuhlaziya okujulile mayelana nokufuduka kanye nobudlelwano bakho nezinhlekelele zemvelo, kuyancomeka ukuthi ubuyekeze isixhumanisi kokuthi izinhlekelele zemvelo ezinkulu ngo-2017.
Amanethiwekhi ezinsiza eziyisisekelo, njengamanzi kanye nezokuxhumana, nawo athinteke kakhulu. Ngokwemibiko, phakathi kuka-80% no-90% wengqalasizinda kagesi yonakele, futhi izakhamuzi ezingaphezu kuka-80% zasala bengenawo ugesi izinyanga, okuqhubekisela phambili izinkinga eziphuthumayo kanye nosizo lwezisulu.
Uhulumeni wasePuerto Rican kanye nezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni zisebenze ngokubambisana ukusungula amasu okwakha kabusha nawokuqinisela. Kuphakanyiswe izinhlobo ezintsha zengqalasizinda ezizinzile futhi ezivumela isiqhingi ukuthi simelane neziphepho ezizayo. Lokhu kubandakanya ukuqaliswa kwe ama-microgrid kagesi, okuvumela ukunikezwa kwamandla okuqinile okungancikile kancane kugridi ephakathi nendawo ecekelwe phansi yisiphepho. Ukuze uqonde kabanzi ngokubaluleka kwalawa ma-microgrid, ungathintana .
Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye neziphepho
Ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kanye nobudlelwano bakho nokuqina kwesiphepho kuyindaba yokukhathazeka okukhulayo. I amazinga okushisa olwandle aphezulu kungaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kanye nokuqina kweziphepho, okwenza izinto ezinjengeSiphepho uMaria zivame kakhulu. Ukushisa okushisayo ezindaweni zasolwandle kungase kubhebhethekise lezi zehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu.
Ososayensi baye baxwayisa ngokuthi sibona ukwanda kwemvamisa yezinqubo zokuqinisa ngokushesha, lapho isiphepho sasezindaweni ezishisayo singaba isiphepho seSigaba 4 noma 5 ngaphansi kwamahora angu-24, njengoba kwakunjalo ngoMaria. Lokhu kungase kube yingxenye yephethini entsha yesimo sezulu esibhekene nayo ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, futhi kumele inselele enkulu emiphakathini egudle ugu e-Caribbean nangale kwayo. Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okungcono kwalezi zenzakalo, ungabheka isihloko esithi imiphumela yemimoya yesiphepho emzimbeni womuntu.
Umbuzo wokuthi iziphepho zibathinta kanjani abantu nengqalasizinda ungaba inkimbinkimbi, ubandakanye izici zezenhlalo, ezomnotho, nezemvelo. I ukuqina komphakathi Lapho kubhekene nezenzakalo ezinjalo, akuxhomekile kuphela ekulungiseleleni ngokushesha, kodwa futhi nokukwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezinguquko ezibangelwa isimo sezulu somhlaba wonke. Lokhu kubandakanya indlela esheshayo yokuhlela amadolobha, ukuphathwa kwezinsiza, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwingqalasizinda engamelana neziphepho ezizayo.
Imibiko edlule kanye nezifundo mayelana nokuziphatha kwesiphepho kanye nokuxhumana kwaso nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela yokulungiselela kangcono ikusasa. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe izinhlelo zokuxwayisa zangaphambi kwesikhathi ezingcono kanye nokuqinisa amanethiwekhi okuxhumana kuyizinyathelo ezidingekayo ekudaleni imiphakathi eqinile. Uma unentshisekelo esihlokweni, isixhumanisi mayelana isizini yeziphepho zika-2017 kungase kube nesithakazelo esikhulu.
Akudingekile kuphela ukulungiselela iziphepho, kodwa futhi nokufunda ukuphila nemiphumela yazo. Ukuhlela ngendlela efanele, ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda eqinile, nokwakhiwa komphakathi kuyizici ezibalulekile ekwehliseni umthelela wemicimbi enjalo. Ukusebenzisa amasu asimeme manje kungase kube ukhiye ekuvimbeleni noma ekwehliseni imiphumela elimazayo yeziphepho ezizayo njengoMaria.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe obufana namasathelayithi amancane kuvumela ukuqapha okunembe nangempumelelo kwezimo zezulu kanye nokwakheka kweziphepho. Lokhu akusizi nje kuphela umphakathi wesayensi ukuthi uqonde kangcono lezi zenzakalo, kodwa futhi uyahlinzeka idatha ebalulekile yokuhlela izimo eziphuthumayo kanye nokubhekana nezinhlekelele.
Kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokufundisa kanye nokuqwashisa ngeziphepho nomthelela wazo. Imiphakathi enolwazi olungcono izolungela kangcono ukubhekana nezinselelo ezilethwa yilezi zehlakalo eziphathelene nesimo sezulu, futhi imfundo iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokugqugquzela ukuqina kanye nokulungela izinhlekelele.
Izifundo ezitholwe kuSiphepho uMaria
Esinye sezifundo ezibaluleke kakhulu esifundwe eSiphepho uMaria ukubaluleka ukusimama kwengqalasizinda. Ukucekelwa phansi kwesistimu kagesi kubonise ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani ukuba nenye imithombo yamandla kanye nesistimu eqinile engamelana nokuqina kweziphepho zeSigaba 5. Ukuze uthole ukuhlaziywa kweziphepho ezibhubhisa kakhulu, ungabheka isihloko Isiphepho i-Irma nomlando waso.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukululama kwemiphakathi ethintekile kuncike ekuhleleni okufanele nasekubambisaneni ababambiqhaza abahlukene, okuhlanganisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni, izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, kanye nomphakathi ngokwawo. Ukubamba iqhaza okugcwele kwabantu ekuhleleni ukululama kwabo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izixazululo ziyasimama futhi ziyasebenza.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuphathwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo namandla okusabela kufanele kubuyekezwe njalo futhi kuthuthukiswe. Kumele zisungulwe izinhlelo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo kanye nosizo lwabantu ezisebenza kahle futhi ezisabela ezidingweni ezithile zemiphakathi ethintekile. Lezi zifundo zibalulekile ekubhekaneni neziphepho ezizayo nezinhlekelele zemvelo.
Umthelela weSiphepho uMaria awuzange ulinganiselwe ngomonakalo wezinto ezibonakalayo kuphela, kodwa futhi ukulahlekelwa kwabantu kanye nomthelela ongokomzwelo kubantu. Kubalulekile ukuthi izinhlelo zokunakekelwa ngokwengqondo nezokusekela ngokomzwelo zitholakale kubo bonke abakudingayo, ikakhulukazi ezimeni ezinzima.
Sengathi unkulunkulu angabeka isandla sakhe