Nakuba bengase bangaziwa kangako, amahlathi e-boreal Zimelela cishe ingxenye yesithathu yendawo yonke yehlathi eMhlabeni. Yena ihlathi le-boreal Kuyisimangaliso sezitshalo nezilwane ezijwayele izimo zezulu ezibandayo. Njengamanye amahlathi, ukubaluleka kokuhlukahluka kwawo kwemvelo alinakulinganiswa ngempela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo zala mahlathi ezihlala zinjalo, ezingalungiswanga abantu futhi zisiza ekwehliseni ukufudumala komhlaba.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi ayini amahlathi e-boreal, izici zawo, izitshalo nezilwane.
Ayini amahlathi e-boreal?
Isifunda esiyindilinga siyikhaya lendawo eqhubekayo yamahlathi aluhlaza, aziwa ngokuthi . Lawa mahlathi anwebeka I-Russia, i-Canada, i-Alaska, i-Sweden, i-Norway ne-Finland, idala indawo enkulu ehlanganisa cishe amahektha ayizigidi ezingu-920. Ziqashelwa ngokubaluleka kwazo emjikelezweni wekhabhoni nasekulondolozeni izinhlobo eziyingqayizivele. Lawa mahlathi, ajwayele ukubizwa ngokuthi i-taiga, abonwa ngokuhlotshaniswa kwawo ne-terrestrial biome ewachazayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, anomehluko wokuba angasenyakatho kakhulu kuwo wonke amahlathi eMhlabeni, ahlala endaweni enkulu ye-boreal phakathi kuka-50º kanye no-60º enyakatho latitude. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi la mahlathi ahlukile eNyakatho Nenkabazwe, njengoba izindawo zomhlaba zezwekazi zingatholakala ezindaweni ezifanayo eNingizimu Nenkabazwe.
Lapho kuhlolwa amahlathi e-boreal, kuvamile ukuhlukanisa isifunda sibe izindawo ezintathu ezihlukene: olwandle, izwekazi, nezwekazi elisenyakatho. Kulezi zifunda ezintathu, esikhulu kunazo zonke ngokokwandiswa kwendawo yisifunda sezwekazi. Ake sibheke ngokujulile izici ezithile zezulu ezingabonwa ngaphakathi kwesifunda ngasinye kulezi zintathu ze-.
Umsuka wale biome uhlehlela emuva esigabeni sokugcina se-Pleistocene (eminyakeni engu-23.000 kuya ku-16.500 edlule), ekupheleni kwe-Ice Age yokugcina. Ezweni elibandayo, izinhlobo zezitshalo zabo zasakazwa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke, kodwa lapho izinguzunga zeqhwa ziqala ukuhlehla eminyakeni engu-18.000 XNUMX edlule, inani lazo lehliswa lafinyelela emikhawulweni ezikuwo namuhla.
amahlathi e-boreal, Njengamahlathi emvula, angamanye amaphaphu omhlaba. Kodwa ngokungafani nalezi, azinazo izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ezinothile, kodwa ziyisibonelo sempilo evumelana nezimo zezulu ezibandayo, ezomile nezinokhahlo, okuyisandulela sogwadule oluyiqhwa ezindaweni ezishisayo. Kodwa-ke, iwumthombo obalulekile wezinkuni ngezinjongo zezimboni.
Izindawo ze-Climatological zamahlathi e-boreal
Ezindaweni ezingaphansi zasolwandle, isimo sezulu sihlala sinezimo ezipholile unyaka wonke, nobusika obuvamile buba ncane, Zifinyelela emazingeni okushisa aphansi njenge -3 ºC enyangeni ebanda kakhulu, futhi ehlobo elipholile elinamazinga okushisa aphakathi kuka-10 no-15 ºC. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, indawo engaphansi kwezwekazi ibhekana nobusika obude futhi obubandayo, amazinga okushisa ehla phakathi kuka -20 ºC kanye -40 ºC. Ukuwa kweqhwa kuningi futhi kuhlanganisa amahlathi izinyanga ezingu-5 kuya kweziyi-7, kuhambisana nomoya owomile ovunguza izihlahla. Nokho, ihlobo kule ndawo engaphansi libangela ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, eliphakathi kuka-10 no-20 °C.
Indawo engaphansi kwezwekazi elisenyakatho ihlanganisa impumalanga yeSiberia kanye neMpumalanga Ekude, futhi ibonakala ngobusika obubandayo obubandayo, obuyomile, amazinga okushisa ehla aze afike ku -60°C. Ngokuphambene, ihlobo kulesi sifunda mafushane kodwa afudumele ngokusesilinganisweni, nakuba amazinga okushisa asebusuku asengawela ngaphansi kwezingaqhwa.
Izimbali zamahlathi e-boreal
Ngaphakathi kwe-ecosystem ye-ecosystem, izinhlobo zezitshalo ezihlala ziluhlaza zigcwele, kuhlanganise ama-conifers, ama-firs, amaphayini nama-thujas. Lezi zinhlobo zihlukaniswa ngamaqabunga azo afana nenaliti kanye nezithelo nembewu emise okwe-cone. Nokho, Kanye nalezi zihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza, izinhlobonhlobo zezihlahla ezivuthulukayo, njengamabhishi nobhabhulini, nazo ziphila ndawonye ngokuvumelana. Izinhlobo zezitshalo eziyinhloko ezitholakala emahlathini e-boreal ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi isifunda esithile ngaphakathi kwe-taiga biome ezihlala kuzo. Izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezihlahla zingatholakala eNyakatho Melika njengophayini obomvu waseMelika (i-Pinus resinosa), isihlahla sonwele samanga saseCanada (Tsuga canadensis), i-thuja esentshonalanga (Thuja occidentalis), i-balsam fir (Abies balsamea), yaseMelika. i-alder. (i-Alnus incana), i-Alaskan birch (Betula neoalaskana) kanye ne-poplar emnyama yaseNyakatho Melika (Populus tremuloides). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, e-Eurasia kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ezihlanganisa i-Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), i-larch yaseSiberia (Larix sibirica), i-Siberian fir (Abies sibirica), i-Asian white birch (Betula platyphylla), i-poplar yaseMongolia ( Populus suaveolens), kanye nopopulari kaSiebold (Populus sieboldii).
Izici, izitshalo, nezilwane zamahlathi e-boreal kuhlangene ngokuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi izitshalo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni indawo yezilwane ezihlukahlukene ezichumayo kulezi zindawo zemvelo.
Ukuzijwayeza kwezilwane
Ukuze zichume ezindaweni zazo ezihlala emahlathini, izilwane ze-taiga zinezinto ezithile eziguquguqukayo ze-anatomical nokuziphatha. Enye yalezi zimo ibonakala kuma-vertebrates anegazi elifudumele, noma izilwane ezigcina ukushisa, ezikwazi ukulondoloza ukushisa ngenxa yobukhulu bazo obukhulu kanye nokuba khona kwama-appendages amafushane, njengezindlebe, ama-snouts, imilenze nemisila. Lokhu kuzivumela ukuthi zijwayelane kangcono nezinga lokushisa eliqandayo futhi ugcine isilinganiso esivumayo sevolumu ephezulu.
Ukwengeza, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo zenze izendlalelo ezivikelayo ezakhiwe ngezimpaphe noma ama-blubber, ngokulandelana, avame ukuba mkhulu kakhulu phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika. Naphezu kwalokhu kuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihlobene nesimo sezulu, izilwane ngokuvamile zisebenzisa amanye amasu ukuze zigweme ngokuqondile inkathi yasebusika, njengokufuduka endabeni yezinyoni noma ukulala ebusika ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezilwane ezincelisayo.
Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala endaweni yehlathi le-boreal. Izinhlobo zezinyoni ezikhona kule ndawo zihlanganisa i-crossbill, eyaziwa ngoqhwaku lwazo olukhethekile olukhipha kalula imbewu kuma-conifer cones, kanye ne-northern kite, i-osprey, i-Great tit, ne-chaffinch. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezihlala kule ndawo zihlanganisa i-caribou, amabhere ansundu, ama-lemmings, i-boreal lynx, i-moose (ilungu elikhulu kunawo wonke lomkhaya wezinyamazane), kanye nama-wolverines (omkhulu kunawo wonke).
Izinambuzane ezitholakala kule ecosystem zihlanganisa amacimbi ohlobo lwe-Mesopolobus spermotrophus, ama-wewevils (Hylobius abietis) kanye namabhungane ahlukahlukene ohlobo lwe-Dendroctonus, amanye awo adla ama-conifers.
