Esikhathini se-Paleozoic kunezikhathi eziyisithupha lapho isikhathi se-geological sihlukaniswa khona. Ngesikhathi se- Isikhathi sePermian, etholakala phakathi kwe- i-carboniferous futhi i I-Triassic, ukuphila kwaba nezinguquko ezinkulu. I Izilwane zasePermian yayino-protagonist wayo umdwebo wokuqala wezilwane ezincelisayo kanye nokwehluka nokwandiswa kwezinye izidalwa eziphilayo ezazivele zikhona. Isikhathi sePermian sathatha cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-48 futhi sathathwa njengesikhathi sokushintshwa kweplanethi zombili ezingeni lokuma nokwesimo sezulu.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela mayelana nezici nokuvela kwezilwane zasePermian.
Isikhathi sePermian
Kunochwepheshe abaningi abaphenya kaningi ngalesi sikhathi ngoba kungatholakala inani elikhulu lolwazi olubalulekile. Ikakhulukazi ekugcineni kwePermian inentshisekelo kwezesayensi selokhu yethulwa okuyisigameko esiyinhlekelele nokucekela phansi kokuqothulwa kwabantu abaningi emhlabeni wonke. Le nqubo yokuqothulwa kwabantu abaningi ibaluleke kakhulu kunokuqothulwa kwama-dinosaurs ku hloniphabangu.
Isikhathi sokuqothulwa saziwa ngokuthi "Ukufa Okukhulu" futhi kuso Ngaphezu kwama-90% azo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo sezinyamalele. Kwasinda izinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela ezanikeza ezinye izilwane ezidume kakhulu emlandweni womhlaba njengama-dinosaurs. Isikhathi esiphelele sePermian silinganiselwa eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-48, kuqala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-299 edlule futhi kwaphela iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-251 edlule.
Ngalesi sikhathi isimo sezulu sasishintshashintsha kakhulu. Kokubili ekuqaleni nasekupheleni kwalesi sikhathi, kwaba nezinguzunga zeqhwa, futhi isimo sezulu sasifudumele futhi sinomswakama esigabeni saso esimaphakathi.
Ukufa Okukhulu kuzilwane zasePermian
Ngalesi sikhathi ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zahlangabezana nokuhlukahluka okukhulu. Kulokhu, sithola ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okukhulu ezihuquzelayo ezazithathwa njengezilwane ezincelisayo. Futhi kungukuthi kwamanye amarekhodi ezinsalela atholakala okhokho bezilwane ezincelisayo zamanje. Okusho ukuthi, izilwane ezincelisayo zamanje zivela ezihuquzelayo.
Ngokuphathelene nokufa Okukhulu kube ngesinye sezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuqothulwa kwesisindo emhlabeni wonke. Kwenzeke phakathi nalesi sikhathi kakade ekupheleni kwayo cishe ekuqaleni kwesikhathi seTriassic. Kuyinqubo yokuqothula okucekela phansi kunayo yonke iplanethi eyake yadlula kuyo. Futhi ngukuthi ama-90% ezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezagcwala iplanethi zaphela. Akwaziwa ngokuphelele ukuthi zaziyini izimbangela zokuqothulwa kwabantu abaningi kangaka, kepha kunemibono ethile ezama ukuveza okwenzekile.
Phakathi kwemibono ethinteke kakhulu eye-a umsebenzi omkhulu wentaba-mlilo owadala ukuxoshwa kwesibalo esikhulu sesikhutha emkhathini. Njengoba sazi, le carbon dioxide iyigesi ebamba ukushisa ekwazi ukugcina ukushisa. Inani elikhulu le-carbon dioxide elikhishelwe emkhathini libangele ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo. Lokhu kwabangela ukuntengantenga komkhathi womhlaba, futhi izinto eziningi eziphilayo azikwazanga ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zemvelo.
Esinye isiphakamiso yimbangela yokukhishwa kwama-hydrocarbon kusuka phansi olwandle kanye nomthelela we-meteorite. Noma ngabe iyini imbangela yako, kungumcimbi oyinhlekelele kakhulu owathinta kakhulu zonke izimo zemvelo ezazikhona emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi.
Izilwane zasePermian
Ngalesi sikhathi, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezavela ezikhathini ezedlule zagcinwa. Kodwa-ke, iqembu elibalulekile lezilwane ezintsha njenge kwakuyizilwane ezihuquzelayo ezincelisayo. Lezi zilwane zibhekwa njengokhokho bezilwane ezincelisayo zamanje. Impilo ehluke kakhulu yatholakala ezilwandle.
Ezingenamgogodla
Phakathi kwezilwane ezingenamgogodla ezigqamayo ezilwaneni zasePermian, amanye amaqembu asolwandle ayagqama, njengama-echinoderms nama-mollusk. Ngenxa yocwaningo oluhlukahlukene lwesayensi, kutholwe amarekhodi ezinsalela ze-bivalves nama-gastropods, kanye nama-brachiopod athile. Ngaphakathi kwaleli qembu kanye nesimiso sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle, amalungu e-Porifera phylum, lapho kutholakala khona izipontshi, avelele. Lezi zilwane zaziyimvelaphi yezixhobo eziningi ze-barrier reef.
Ngaphandle kokuthi iningi lalezi zilwane lanyamalala, irekhodi lezinsalela litholakele lapho izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezine ziye zahlukaniswa. Isici sazo esiyingqayizivele sasiwukuthi lezi zilwane zazivikelwe ngesembozo se-calcareous material. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-arthropods, ikakhulukazi izinambuzane, athuthuke kahle, njengasezikhathini ezedlule. Ngaleso sikhathi, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ubukhulu bezinambuzane babuthi bukhulu kunanamuhla. Kuleli qembu lezilwane kwavela ama-oda amasha amaningana, njenge-Diptera ne-Coleoptera.
Ama-Vertebrates
Uma siqhubekela phambili nokufunda izilwane ezinomgogodla, siyabona ukuthi nazo zaba nokukhula okukhulu nokuhlukahluka, kokubili ezindaweni eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini. Izinhlanzi kwakuyizilwane ezimele kakhulu kule nkathi. Lapha sithola ama-chondrichthyans afana noshaka nezinhlanzi ezinamathambo. Omunye woshaka owaphela ngesikhathi seCretaceous wayesevele ephila ngalesi sikhathi. Oshaka bangaleso sikhathi babefana kakhulu nabanamuhla, nakuba bengebaningi kakhulu. Zazingafinyelela kumamitha ama-2 kuphela ubude.
Siphinde sibone i-Orthacanthus. Iwuhlobo lwezinhlanzi osezingasekho. Ingeyeqembu loshaka futhi ukubukeka kwayo kwakuhluke kakhulu. Umzimba wawufana nowembongolo futhi unezinhlobo eziningana zamazinyo. Siphinde sibe nezilwane ezihlala emanzini. Lezi zilwane zabhekana nokuthuthuka. Ayeyiqembu elihluke ngokuphelele futhi angahluka ngosayizi ukusuka kumasentimitha ambalwa ukuya kumamitha ayi-10.
Ekugcineni, siyakubona lokho ezihuquzelayo kwakuyizilwane ezazethula ukwehluka okukhulu. Phakathi kwalezi ezihuquzelayo sithola ama-therapsids, okwakuyiqembu lezilwane ezincelisayo ezithathwa njengokhokho bezilwane ezincelisayo zanamuhla. Phakathi kwezici zabo ezihlukile, sithole ukuthi ziveza izinhlobo eziningana zamazinyo futhi ngalinye laguqulelwa emisebenzini ehlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babenemilenze noma imilenze emi-4 futhi ukudla kwabo kwakwehlukahluka. Kwakunezinhlobo zombili ezidlayo nezidla kakhulu.
Ngithemba ukuthi lolu lwazi lukusiza ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezilwane zasePermian.