Izimila ezimisweni zemvelo zinemisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile, njengokweseka zonke izinto eziphilayo ezincike kuzo kanye nokuhlinzeka ngokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni umoya-mpilo ukuthi siphefumula ngenqubo i-photosynthesis.
Nokho, kunesici esibaluleke nakakhulu ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwezimila nendawo ezungezile: ithonya layo elibalulekile esimweni sezulu. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi uhlaza lwesifunda lungasithinta kanjani isimo sezulu sendawo nesomhlaba jikelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimila zingaba nomthelela obonakalayo ku isimo sezulu nezilwane.
Isimo sezulu nohlaza
Ucwaningo lwesayensi luye lwembula ukuthi kunezimpendulo ezinamandla phakathi komkhathi nohlaza. Lokhu kusebenzisana kunomthelela obonakalayo emvuleni nasemisebeni yelanga. efinyelela ebusweni boMhlaba. Eqinisweni, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi uhlaza lunesibopho sokuhlukahluka okungama-30% kwemvula kanye nemisebe yesigameko phezulu. Lokhu kugqamisa i ithonya lezimila esimweni sezulu.
Ukuqonda okujulile kwalobu budlelwano akuthakazelisi kuphela ngokombono wezemfundo, kodwa futhi kunezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingokoqobo ekuthuthukiseni izibikezelo zesimo sezulu. Ukuqonda izimila zendawo kanye nomthelela wazo esimweni sezulu kungasiza ekwakheni amamodeli anembe kakhudlwana okubikezela amazinga okushisa nemvula, okubalulekile ekulawuleni izitshalo zezolimo, ukuvikeleka kokudla, ukutholakala kwamanzi, kanye nokunciphisa isomiso namagagasi okushisa. Isibonelo salokhu singabonakala kokuthi kanjani INyakatho Afrika ingashintsha ibe luhlaza ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, okubonisa nomthelela ezitshalweni.
Izimila nazo zithinta isimo sezulu nesimo sezulu ngokukhulula umusi wamanzi ngesikhathi se-photosynthesis. Lo mhwamuko wamanzi osemkhathini ushintsha ukugeleza kwamandla phezulu futhi ukhuthaze ukwakheka kwamafu, okuyiwona abangela imvula. Ngakho-ke, izimila ziyingxenye ebalulekile ekugcineni iphethini yemvula ezinzile. Lokhu kungabonakala ngokuthi kanjani izinhlobo ezahlukene ukuzivumelanisa ekushintsheni kwezimo zezulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amafu adlala indima eyengeziwe ngokushintsha inani lokukhanya kwelanga, noma imisebe, efinyelela ebusweni boMhlaba. Lokhu kuthinta ibhalansi yamandla eplanethi, futhi ezindaweni ezithile, kungaholela ekwandeni kwemvula, ngaleyo ndlela kube nomthelela emijikelezweni yamanzi endawo. Ukuqonda lesi simo kusivumela ukuba siqhubeke nokwazisa indima ebalulekile edlalwa uhlaza ezinhlelweni zemvelo kanye nesimo sezulu somhlaba wonke.
Ucwaningo nokutholakele
Ucwaningo lwakamuva, olufana nalolo olwenziwe yi-NASA, luhlaziye ukuthi izindlela zokuna kwemvula zikuthinta kanjani ukusatshalaliswa kwezimila emhlabeni jikelele. Okunye okutholwe okumangaza kakhulu ukuthi ngisho neminyaka enenani elifanayo lemvula, izitshalo zisabela ngendlela ehlukile kuye ngokuthi imvula ina ezenzakalweni ezinamandla, ezingandile, noma ezihlambi ezilula, ezivame kakhulu. Lokhu kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuzivumelanisa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nendlela uhlaza olungasabela ngayo kuwo.
Lokhu kuhlaziya kusekelwe eminyakeni engamashumi amabili yokubhekwa kwesathelayithi nomkhakha, okuhlanganisa izifunda ezihlukahlukene, kusukela eSiberia kuya eningizimu yePatagonia. Imiphumela ikhomba lokho Amaphesenti angu-42 ezindawo ezitshaliwe emhlabeni ziyazwela ekushintshashintsheni kwemvula yansuku zonke.. Eminyakeni enezinsuku ezimbalwa zemvula kodwa imvula enamandla kakhulu, eziningi zalezi zindawo zibonise ukukhula okuthuthukisiwe. Nokho, emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo nasemahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo, njengamahlathi amaqabunga abanzi, kwabonwa umphumela ophambene, uxwayisa ngokuthi lezi zindawo azikwazi ukubekezelela isikhathi eside esomile. Lesi simo sibonisa ukuthi kanjani Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungaba izifunda eziluhlaza ezaziwugwadule ngaphambili, ngaleyo ndlela zithinte uhlaza nesimo sezulu.
Ukuqonda ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kwamaphethini emvula kuthinta kanjani izitshalo kubalulekile, njengoba kugcizelela ukubaluleka ukushintshashintsha kwansuku zonke kwemvula, okuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu njengenani lemvula laminyaka yonke ekukhuleni kwezitshalo emhlabeni wonke. Lolu lwazi lungaba nemithelela ebalulekile kwezolimo kanye nokuphathwa kwemithombo yamanzi, ikakhulukazi emhlabeni lapho ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kudala amaphethini emvula akhula ngokungalindelekile.
Kumongo ithonya lezimila esimweni sezulu, kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi izinguquko ezimbozweni zezitshalo zingayishintsha kanjani imijikelezo yamanzi. Ukuze siwuqonde kangcono lo mthelela, singabheka ukuthi kanjani Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuthinta ukuvuselelwa kwehlathi.
Izimila, ngokukhipha umhwamuko wamanzi, azithinti nje kuphela imvula yendawo, kodwa futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile endleleni Isimo sezulu somhlaba wonke kuyaziveza. Izitshalo zivimba ukuna kwemvula nomswakama, futhi lokhu kunqamuka kuthinta umjikelezo wamanzi, okungenzeka kugcwalise amanzi angaphansi komhlaba futhi kube nomthelela ekugcwalisweni kwemifula namachibi aseduze. Isibonelo esicacile salokhu sibonakala ngokubaluleka ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu emahlathini kanye nekhono layo lokululama emililweni.
Ngaphandle kokunqamuka, izitshalo ziphinde zisebenzise amanzi ukuhwamuka nokuphefumula. Lapho imvula ingena enhlabathini, igcinwa ezindaweni ezimbotshana, okunomthelela ekutholakaleni kwamanzi ezitshalweni. Le nqubo ibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ibhalansi yamanzi yemvelo futhi, ekugcineni, ekugcineni umkhiqizo wezolimo.
Umjikelezo wamanzi ubalulekile ekuphileni eMhlabeni, futhi uhlaza lusebenza njengenye yezinto eziyinhloko abalawuli balo mjikelezo. Ngaphandle kwezimila, imvula ibizoba ncane kakhulu futhi ukugeleza kungakhuphuka, okuholela ekugugulekeni kwenhlabathi nokulahlekelwa imisoco ebalulekile.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezimila nesomiso
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezitshalo nesomiso buyinkimbinkimbi. Ezindaweni lapho uhlaza lonakaliswa noma lungekho khona, isomiso zivame ukuba nzima kakhulu futhi zinde. Ukulahleka kwezimila kusho ukuthi imvula encane igcinwa emhlabathini, futhi ukuhwamuka kuyanda, ngaleyo ndlela kubhebhethekise izimo zesomiso. Lokhu kubangela ukuncipha kokumboza kwezitshalo, kudala umjikelezo ononya lapho uhlaza lungakwazi ukululama kahle. I isiqhingi sokushisa sasemadolobheni Kuyisibonelo sokuthi izimila zingayinciphisa kanjani le miphumela emadolobheni, lapho ukulawulwa kwesimo sezulu kubalulekile.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezindaweni ezitshalwe kahle, ukuba khona kwezitshalo kusiza ukulinganisela isimo sezulu, ukugcina umswakama nokunciphisa izinga lokushisa elibi kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uhlaza lunikeza umthunzi, lubeke imingcele emisebeni yelanga eqondile, futhi lugcine umswakama enhlabathini, okubuye kusize ekwakheni ama-microclimate afanelekayo. Njengoba kuhlaziywe endabeni ye ihlathi liyavutha kanye nobudlelwano bayo nesimo sezulu, izimila nazo zisebenza njengomlawuli obalulekile.
Ucwaningo selukhombisile ukuthi ukutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi nokongiwa kwezitshalo kungaba amasu asebenzayo okunciphisa imiphumela yesomiso. Ukutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi kunomthelela ekwandeni kwemvula yendawo, kuthuthukisa izinga lomhlabathi futhi kusiza ekulondolozeni amanzi, okubuye kube nomthelela omuhle ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Umthelela wokugawulwa kwemithi ngokungakhethi
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokugawulwa kwemithi okungalawuleki kunomthelela omubi omubi esimweni sezulu, kusheshisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu futhi kuphazamise amandla oMhlaba okulawula amanzi. Ukuncipha kwezimila kuholela ekwandeni kwe albedo, okusho ukuthi ukukhanya kwelanga okuningi kubonakala kunokumuncwa, okuholela emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Lolu shintsho lubonakala nasendleleni kanye nendawo abahlala kuyo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulahlekelwa kwezihlahla kunciphisa ukuphefumula futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukwakheka kwamafu kanye nemvula. Lokhu kudala umphumela wempendulo lapho isimo sezulu siba somile futhi sishise nakakhulu, kuthinte izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ezolimo, kanye nokutholakala kwamanzi. Kuphoqelekile ukusebenzisa izindlela ezisimeme zokuphatha amahlathi ukulondoloza uhlaza kanjalo nokuvikela isimo sezulu somhlaba wonke. Kubalulekile futhi ukuqonda ukuthi kanjani izinguquko eGreenland kungaba nomthelela esimweni sezulu somhlaba wonke.
Kulesi simo, i imfundo nokuqwashisa Ziwukhiye ekukhuthazeni inhlonipho nokongiwa kwemvelo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo zingajabulela indawo enempilo nesimeme.
Isimo sezulu nezimila ezindaweni zasemadolobheni
Izimila zasemadolobheni nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni isimo sezulu sendawo. Izindawo ezisemadolobheni, lapho ukhonkolo kanye netiyela kubusa indawo, kuvame ukuthola into eyaziwa ngokuthi isiqhingi sokushisa sasemadolobheni, okubangela amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu kunasezindaweni ezizungezile zasemaphandleni. Ukuphathwa kwalesi simo kungabhekwana nayo ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo lapho Izimila zidlala indima ebalulekile.
Ukwethula uhlaza emadolobheni kungasiza ukunciphisa lo mphumela ngokunikeza umthunzi, ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa lomoya, kanye nokunikela kukhwalithi yomoya. Ukutshala izihlahla nokudala izindawo eziluhlaza akugcini nje ukuthuthukisa i-microclimate, kodwa futhi kukhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo futhi kuthuthukisa impilo nokuphila kahle kwabantu abahlala emadolobheni. Lokhu kuhlobene nokubaluleka kwe gcina izimiso zemvelo ezinempilo ngaphakathi kwamadolobha, okunomthelela ekusimameni kwemvelo yasemadolobheni.
La ukuphathwa okusimeme kwezitshalo zasemadolobheni ingaba negalelo elikhulu ekulweni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngokusiza ukulinganisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuqina kwamadolobha ezenzakalweni zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu.
