I-microscope iyithuluzi elisebenziseka kalula ngeso lenyama, kepha ngemininingwane eminingi ezokwenza umehluko. Zonke izingxenye nezinto ezibandakanyeka ekuphathweni kokukhanya nokwakhiwa kwesithombe esikhulisiwe zitholakala ohlelweni lwe-microscope ebonakalayo. Kuningi izingxenye zemicroscope lokho kufanele kuchazwe ukuze kuqondwe ngokuphelele ukusebenza.
Ngakho-ke, kule ndatshana sizokukhombisa ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye zemicroscope nezimpawu zayo eziyinhloko.
Izingxenye zesibonakhulu: uhlelo olubonakalayo
Uhlelo olubonakalayo luyingxenye ebaluleke kunazo zonke yesibonakhulu. Asikhulumi ngohlelo lokukhanyisa, nalo oluyi-optical system. Zihlukaniswe ukuthi zikwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinto eziphethe ukukwazi ukuphambukisa noma ukuphatha ukukhanya nezinto ezisiza ekunikezeni ukwesekwa kwesakhiwo phakathi kwazo zonke izingxenye zensimbi. Zonke lezi zingxenye ziyizakhi zohlelo lokukhanda. Izakhi ezimbili eziyinhloko ezakha i-optical system ye-microscope yinhloso nocezu lwamehlo. Uhlelo lonke lokukhanyisa lubandakanya nezinye izingxenye ezifana ne- yizona okugxilwe kuzo, i-diaphragm, i-condenser kanye nama-prism optical.
Uma i-microscope inekhamera yedijithali, ibuye ibhekwe njengengxenye yohlelo lwe-optical. Ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye zesibonakhulu ngesinyathelo. Okokuqala inhloso. Kuyindlela yokuhlanya etholakala eduze kwesampula futhi yilokho okunikeza isithombe esikhulisiwe. Ukukhuliswa kwelensi kunenani elingaguquguquki futhi yilokho ubudlelwano phakathi kosayizi wesithombe nosayizi wangempela wento ositshele khona. Isibonelo: ake sicabange ukuthi sinesibonakhulu esethelwe ku-40x. Lokhu kusho ukuthi Isithombe esisibonayo sizoba sikhulu ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingama-40 kunaleso sento esikhona isampula. Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi i-microscope isebenza kanjani, kuyasiza ukwazi imvelo yokukhanya nokuthi ikuthinta kanjani ukubonakala kwamasampuli.
Isithombe esikhulisiwe saziwa njengesithombe sangempela. Ama-microscopes amaningi anezinhloso ezahlukahlukene ukuze kuzuzwe amazinga ahlukene wokukhulisa. Khumbula ukuthi ama-microscopes kufanele aguqulwe alingane nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamasampula. Kuzoba namasampuli amakhulu namancane. Lokhu okwenza kudingeke ukulungisa inhloso.
Enye ipharamitha echaza inhloso yesibonakhulu ukuvulwa kwamanani. Le parameter ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba yiyo echaza isinqumo. Uma nje sinesinqumo esihle singabona isampula ngokucacile.
Izinhlobo zezinhloso
Ake sihlaziye izinhlobo ezihlukene zezinjongo ezingatholakala kusibonakhulu:
- Inhloso ye-Achromatic: Kuyinto elula kunazo zonke futhi isetshenziselwa ukulungisa ukuguquguquka okuyindilinga ngokuluhlaza okotshani nokuchromatic ngokuluhlaza nokubomvu.
- Inhloso ye-Apochromatic: luhlobo lwelensi oluthuthuke kakhulu futhi lusiza ukulungisa ukuguquguquka kokuchromatic ngemibala emine. Kungasiza futhi ukulungisa ukuguquguquka okuyindilinga ngemibala emithathu.
- I-target eyomile: Yilezo ezifinyelela ekukhuleni okulingene futhi zisetshenziswa kakhulu ngoba kulula kakhulu ukuzisebenzisa. Kuphela ukuthi zisetshenziswa kumalabhorethri emisebenzi yasenyuvesi.
- Izinhloso zokutshalwa kwezimali: Zenzelwe ukuthi zikwazi ukufeza ukukhuliswa nokulungiswa okuphezulu ngezinga elikhulu. Banokuvuleka okuphezulu kwamanani kodwa kudingeka izindlela ezingeziwe zokukubeka phakathi kwesampula namalensi.
Izingxenye zemakhroskophu: into yokuqala
Ucezu lwamehlo iqoqo lamalensi esibuka ngalo isampula ngamehlo ethu. Lapha singabona ukukhuliswa kwesibili kwesithombe. Inhloso ikhiqiza kakhulu ukukhulisa futhi i-engela ileyo enikeza ubukhulu obukhulu kakhulu obungaba phakathi kuka-5x no-10x a. Masingakukhohlwa lokho lens ikhiqiza ukukhulisa okungu-20x, 40x, 100x. Akufanele futhi sikhohlwe ukuthi lapho ukukhuliswa kukhulu, kuba nzima nakakhulu ukuphatha ubukhali. Ukuze uthole ukuqonda kwe-optics ehlobene nombono, kuyathakazelisa ukufunda i-optical refraction kanye nethonya layo kuma-microscope.
Isistimu ye-ocular lens inesibopho sokukhulisa isithombe nokulungisa okunye kokuphambuka okubonakalayo ngandlela thile. Okudumile kune-diaphragm ekhonza ukunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kokukhanya okuvela kuma-lens. Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezahlukahlukene zezingqimba zamehlo. Okusetshenziswa kakhulu yizikefu zamehlo ezinhle nezintandokazi ezithandwayo ezingezinhle. Okuhle yilezo lapho ukukhanya kudlula khona kuqala ku-diaphragm bese kufinyelela kuma-lens. Izikhiya ezingezinhle yilezo lapho i-diaphragm itholakala khona phakathi kwamalensi amabili.
Umthombo wokukhanya ne-condenser
Ziyizingxenye ezimbili zesibonakhulu esithandeka kakhulu. Umthombo wokukhanya uyisici esibalulekile okufanele sibe nayo noma yisiphi isibonakhulu. Kubalulekile ukuze ikwazi ukukhipha ukukhanya okudingekayo ingakhanyisa isampula lethu. Ngokuya ngomthombo wokukhanya okhona kusibonakhulu, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezibonakhulu ezidluliswayo zokukhanya nezibonakhulu ezikhanyayo. Eyokuqala yileyo engenakukhanya ngaphansi kwesiteji. Eyesibili yilezo ezikhanyisa isampula ebusweni bayo obungaphezulu. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kokukhanyisa kungase futhi kuthinte izinga lokubhekwa futhi kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela yokuphatha ngendlela efanele.
Izibonakhulu bezilokhu zisebenza kusetshenziswa isibani se-incandescent esihlanganiswe esakhiweni. Kodwa-ke, isithuthukisiwe ngobuchwepheshe obusha njengoba ibinobubi obuthile. Esokuqala kwakuwukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwala ma-bulb. Okwesibili kwakuwumthamo wokushisa abawukhiphile, okwenze kwaba nzima ukugcina amasampula esesimweni esihle. Singakukhohlwa lokho Ukuhlolwa kufanele kwenziwe ngesampula isesimweni esihle ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Ngokuqondene ne-condenser, ingenye yezingxenye zesibonakhulu ezakhiwe ngenhlanganisela yamalensi futhi eqondisa imisebe yokukhanya ekhishwa umthombo wokukhanya iye kusampula. Itholakala phakathi kwesiteji nomthombo wokukhanya. Kuyinto evamile ukuthi imisebe yokukhanya ilandele izindlela ezihlukene. Ngakho-ke, i-condenser iba yinto ebalulekile ekubeni nomthelela omkhulu kukhwalithi yesithombe esiyitholayo.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezingxenye zemicroscope nokuthi yiziphi izici zayo eziyinhloko.