Ama-glaciers yinqwaba enkulu yeqhwa lefilimu elenziwe njengomphumela wokuqongelela, ukuminyana nokulawulwa kweqhwa eminyakeni edlule. Lezi zinqwaba zeqhwa ziphinde zamiswa futhi zingagelezela ekwehleni, zakha ukukhululeka okwaziwa ngokuthi isigodi seqhwa. Bayakwazi ukwakha imifantu kwakukhona ukwakheka okuthile okunikeze indlela yokuzalwa kwezindishi zamanzi njengemifula, amachibi namachibi. Namuhla sizogxila ekutadisheni okuhlukile izingxenye zeqhwa.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye zeqhwa futhi yiziphi izici zalo eziyinhloko.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-Glacier
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi u-10% wobuso bomhlaba umbozwe izinguzunga zeqhwa. Lezi zinhlelo zemvelo zibalulekile kusukela lapho U-75% wamanzi ahlanzekile emhlabeni uyagcinwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinguzunga zeqhwa zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke. Inqubo eholela ekwakhiweni kwenguzunga yeqhwa yaziwa ngokuthi yi-glaciation. Le nqubo iqukethe ukunqwabelana nokuhlala njalo kweqhwa ngokuqhubekayo. Leli qhwa liwela endaweni ethile ngesikhathi esifushane uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi sokwakheka komhlaba. Isimo sezulu sale ndawo kumele sikwazi ukufaka isandla kule nqubo.
Uma amazinga okushisa waminyaka yonke enesikhathi sonyaka, inguzunga yeqhwa ngeke ikwazi ukwenzeka kanjalo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amazinga okushisa ezinkathi ezifudumele abangela ukuncibilika kweqhwa. Isimo sezulu esikhona kufanele sibe namazinga okushisa aphansi avimbela okuqukethwe ukuncibilika ezikhathini lapho kukhona ukwanda kwamazinga okushisa. Ukukhula kwe-Glacier kwenziwa yi- engeza iqhwa ngenkathi yokuwa kweqhwa. Kunezikhathi ezahlukahlukene lapho i-icing yenzeka kaningi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kungashiwo ukuthi iqhwa liya ngokuya endaweni eqandayo. Kulapha lapho ukwakheka kwalo kuguqulwa futhi kwafakwa amakhristali ukuthola ubukhulu obuphakeme njengomphumela wako.
Ama-glaciers agcina ibhalansi yokwakheka nokulahleka kwesisindo. Indlela okufanele balahlekelwe ngayo kakhulu kulokhu kuncibilika kwamanzi e-ice, sublimation kanye nokuqedwa kwe-icebergs. Lezi zingqimba zeqhwa ezicindezelwe zishintshana njalo futhi zihlala unomphela nezinye izingxenye zomjikelezo wamanzi. Ingxenye ephansi kakhulu yeqhwa ixhumana njalo nobuso bomhlaba futhi ibangele ukuthi inguzunga yeqhwa ihambe. Ibhalansi phakathi kokuzuza okukhulu nokulahlekelwa kwenguzunga yeqhwa yaziwa ngokuthi ibhalansi yesisindo. Uma ibhalansi yesisindo inomphumela omuhle, leli glacier lizokwanda ngosayizi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma inebhalansi engalungile izothambekela ucezu ngesivinini esikhula njalo luze lunyamalale.
Izingxenye zeqhwa
Sizohlaziya ngamunye ngamunye okuyizingxenye eziyinhloko zeqhwa.
Indawo yokuqongelela
Zaziwa futhi ngegama le-glacial cirque futhi ukucindezeleka okwenzeka ngomphumela wokuguguleka kweqhwa. Lokhu kuguguleka kweqhwa kwenzeka ezindongeni zezintaba futhi kuba umthombo wezigodi. Kuyo yonke le ndawo kunqwabelana iqhwa eliwa yimvula. Leli qhwa lizophenduka iqhwa kancane kancane likhiqize inqubo yokudla kweqhwa endaweni yayo ephakeme. Ungafunda kabanzi ngale nqubo esihlokweni sethu esithi ama-glacial cirques.
Indawo ye-Ablation
Ngokuphambene nalokho kwenzeka nge -iaia yokuqongelela, lena yindawo lapho ukulahleka kweqhwa neqhwa kwenzeka khona. Ifomu ikakhulukazi liphakanyiswa ngesenzo noma ukuncibilika. Kule ndawo yeqhwa ibhalansi yesisindo ayibi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinga lokulahleka kweqhwa likhulu kunalelo lokuqongelela kwalo. I-Ice ivame ukulahleka ku- ukuhlangana kanye nokuncishiswa kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezixuku ezinkulu. Leli qembu lenzeka ikakhulukazi ngenxa yeqhwa elehlela ezindaweni eziphakeme ezimaphakathi nezwe. Lokhu kunyakaza okuya ezindaweni eziphakeme kubangela i-moraine ukumboza indawo lapho kuzobekwa khona iqhwa elifile. I-dynamics yokulahlekelwa okukhulu ibalulekile, ikakhulukazi kumongo we ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu samanje.
Ulimi lwe-glacial
Ulimi lweqhwa yindawo eyakhiwe inqwaba yeqhwa etholakala endaweni eya phansi ngenxa yomphumela wamandla adonsela phansi. Lokhu kuphumela ekuhuduleni okukhulu kwamatshe, okwenza kube nokwakheka kwamadiphozithi aziwa ngokuthi ama-moraines. Kule ndawo, kunokuguguleka okukhulu kanye nokwakheka kokukhululeka okujwayelekile kwezinguzunga zeqhwa. Ukuze uthole ukuhlaziya okujulile kwezinguzunga zeqhwa, bheka isihloko esithi izinguzunga zeqhwa ngokuvamile.
Ama-moraines e-Glacial
Ngenye ingxenye yenguzunga yeqhwa ethakazelisa kakhulu ukuyifunda. Kuyaziwa njengezintaba ezinezinto zeqhwa ezingabekiwe. Akhiwe kakhulu nge-till. Lezi zilimo azisalutho ngaphandle kwezinsalela zezidalwa eziwela ekugugulekeni okubangelwa yiqhwa njengoba liqhubekela phambili ezweni. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-glacial moraines ngokusho kwezinye izici. Ake sibone ukuthi ziyini:
- I-moraine yesikhumulo: Luhlobo lwe-moraine olwenziwe ngezinto ezenziwe ngamacucu edwala. Lezi zingcezu zamadwala zisuswe ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi zafakwa ekugcineni kweqhwa. Iqhwa lihlala linganyakazi ngokuqhubekayo ngenkathi amadwala efudukile. Yilapho amafomu we-moraine wokugcina enza khona. Ukwakheka kwale moraine kuxhumene nokuncibilika nokuhwamuka kweqhwa. Lezi zinqubo zenzeka ekugcineni kweqhwa ngejubane elifana nokuqhubekela phambili kweqhwa endaweni yalo yokudla.
- I-moraine engezansi: kungenye ingxenye yenguzunga yeqhwa eyakhiwe ngodaka lwedwala. Lezi zifakwa ngenkathi iqhwa lihlala linganyakazi. Ukuhlehla kwenguzunga yeqhwa kuyenzeka, umphumela wokunqoba ukwehliswa kwemali kuqonde ekuqongeleleni. Lokho wukuthi, uma ulahlekelwa yiqhwa eliningi kunalokho eliqoqekayo Lokhu kubangela ukuthi inqubo yokudilizwa kwebhande le-feeder ibonakale ngasikhathi sinye. Leli bhande linesibopho sokushiya idiphozi yamadwala eqhwa ngendlela yamathafa angavuleki.
- I-moraine yesikhashana: yilokho okukhiqizwa ukushelela kweqhwa. Ngokuvamile zitholakala ezigodini zezintaba futhi ukunyakaza kwazo okuqinile kwenzeka ezindongeni zesigodi lapho zivalelwe khona. Lokhu kunyakaza kubangela ukuthi imfucumfucu inqwabelane emaceleni. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nezici zalezi zakhiwo, bheka isihloko sethu ku iqhwa.
- I-moraine emaphakathi: ingenye yezingxenye zeqhwa elitholakala kuphela kuma-glaciers e-alpine. Ukwakheka kwayo kungumphumela wobumbano phakathi kwezinguzunga zeqhwa ezi-2 ezakha umfudlana owodwa weqhwa.
- I-ablation moraine: Lawa ahlaliswe phezu kombhede we-glacial futhi akhiwe ngezinto zomkhakha we-genius. Zibuye zihlobene ne ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa njengasePeru.
Izingxenye ze-glacier: ukuphela
Yindawo yokugcina yeqhwa futhi yakhiwe ngangezansi kwayo. Lapha ukwehla kwe-ablation kudlula ekuqongeleleni futhi lapho i-glacier iphela khona.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezingxenye zeqhwa.