La i-spectroscopy Kuyindlela esetshenziswa emagatsheni ahlukahlukene esayensi ukutadisha ukusebenzisana phakathi kwemisebe ye-electromagnetic kanye nendaba. Isekelwe ekuhlaziyweni okunemininingwane yokukhanya noma ezinye izinhlobo zemisebe ka-electromagnetic, ihlukanise izingxenye zayo ngazinye futhi ihlole izici ezithile zayo ngayinye.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi iyini i-spectroscopy, izici zayo nokubaluleka kwayo.
Yini i-spectroscopy
Ngamazwi alula, singaqonda ukukhanya njengenhlanganisela yemibala ehlukene noma amaza obude. I-Spectroscopy isivumela ukuthi sihlukanise ukukhanya ku-spectrum yayo, esukela kumaza amaza amafushane, njengama-X-ray nama-gamma ray, kuya kumaza amade amaza, njengama-microwave namaza omsakazo. Ngayinye yalezi zifunda ze-electromagnetic spectrum inezakhiwo nokuziphatha okuhlukile.
I-Spectroscopy isetshenziswa emikhakheni eminingi yesayensi, kufaka phakathi i-physics, chemistry, astronomy, biology, nezinye. Inikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nokubunjwa, ukwakheka kanye nezimpawu zento. Ngokutadisha i-spectrum yemisebe ekhishwayo, emuncwe noma ehlakazeke into ethile, singathola ulwazi mayelana nama-athomu, ama-molecule noma izinhlayiya ezakha leyo nto, kanye nangezenzakalo ezithakazelisayo endaweni yonke, njenge. izinto zezinkanyezi.
Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene ze-spectroscopy, ngayinye esetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya izinhlobo ezahlukene zemisebe ye-electromagnetic futhi ifinyelele imigomo ehlukene. Amanye amasu ajwayelekile afaka i-spectroscopy yokumuncwa, i-emission spectroscopy, i-fluorescence spectroscopy, kanye ne-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, ukusho ezimbalwa. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto zokwakha kanye nocwaningo lwazo, ungabheka ezinye izindatshana ku amagatsha e-physics.
izinhlobo ze-spectroscopy
I-Spectroscopy isetshenziselwa ukuqonda izakhiwo zamakhemikhali ngokuhlaziya inani lokukhanya elimuncayo. Lokhu isisiza ukuthi sinqume ukuthi kuyini ukwakheka kwento. Sinezinhlobo ezimbalwa ze-spectroscopy, kuye ngokuthi siyisebenzisela ini. Nawa aziwa kakhulu:
- i-mass spectroscopy
- I-spectroscopy yokumuncwa kwe-athomu.
- I-Raman spectroscopy
- i-infrared spectroscopy
I-mass spectrometry (noma i-atomic mass spectrometry) indlela esetshenziselwa ukunquma isisindo se-athomu sama-athomu noma ama-molecule esampula ngamakhemikhali e-ionizing nokuhlukanisa ama-ion ngokusekelwe kwisilinganiso sawo, ubukhulu, noma ukushaja.
Ama-spectrometer amaningi amaningi asebenzisa inqubo ebizwa nge-electron impact ionization. Le nqubo isebenzisa i-electron beam ukuze isuse i-electron (noma ama-electron) ku-molecule, yakha i-cation enkulu. Ama-radical cation anjalo aziwa nangokuthi ama-ion omzali noma ama-ion amangqamuzana.
Igrafu ekhombisayo ubukhulu besignali yomtshina ngokumelene nenqwaba ye-athomu ye-ion ibizwa ngokuthi i-mass spectrum. Ama-Isotopes ama-athomu e-elementi efanayo anenani elifanayo lamaphrothoni (inombolo ye-athomu) kodwa izinombolo ezihlukene zesisindo (inani elihlukile lama-neutron). Ukuze uqonde kangcono ama-isotopes, ungathintana nolwazi deuterium, okuyi-isotope ephawulekayo.
i-spectroscopy yokumuncwa kwe-athomu
I-spectroscopy yokumuncwa kwe-athomu yinqubo yokuhlaziya i-spectrum ebonakalayo noma ye-ultraviolet ukuze kutholwe ngokwenani ukukhanya kwamakhemikhali okukhishwa ama-athomu egesi. Lena inqubo esetshenziswa kukhemistri ukuze kunqunywe ukugxilwa kwe-analyte, okuyingxenye ethile kusampula.
Manje ake sibone ukuthi i-spectroscopy yokumuncwa kwe-athomu isebenza kanjani. Le nqubo isuselwe emthethweni we-Beer-Lambert, okuhlobene nokumuncwa kokukhanya yi-elementi futhi ikuhlobanise nezici ze-elementi ethile. Ama-electron angadlulela kumazinga aphezulu wamandla ngoba amunca amandla. Lokhu, kuhambisana nokukhanya okunobude beza obuthile, sibonga ngakho ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izakhi ezikusampula, njengoba ubude beza beza buhambisana nento ethile. Njengasendabeni yezinto ezikhona ku ama-asteroid ezingahlaziywa nge-spectroscopy.
I-Raman spectroscopy
I-Raman spectroscopy iyindlela esetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya ukusebenzisana phakathi kokukhanya nendaba. Le nqubo isekelwe kumphumela we-Raman, owatholwa usosayensi waseNdiya u-CV Raman ngo-1928, okubandakanya ukushintsha kwamandla okukhanya uma kusebenzisana nesampula.
Uma ukukhanya kuwela kusampula, okunye ukukhanya kuyahlakazeka futhi amandla ako ashintshe. Lolu shintsho kumandla lubangelwa ukusebenzisana kwama-photon okukhanya nama-molecule esampula. Amanye ama-photon athola amandla, kuyilapho amanye elahlekelwa. Lokhu kuhlakazeka kokukhanya kubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlakazeka kweRaman, futhi ukukhanya okuhlakazekile kwaziwa ngokuthi ukukhanya kweRaman.
I-Raman spectroscopy isebenzisa leli thuba ukuze ithole ulwazi mayelana nokwakheka kanye nesakhiwo samangqamuzana esampula. Ukukhanya kwe-Raman okuhlakazekile kunobude begagasi obuhluke kancane kunokukhanya kwesigameko., futhi lo mehluko waziwa ngokuthi i-Raman shift. Ukushintsha kwe-Raman kunikeza ulwazi mayelana nokudlidliza kwamangqamuzana nezindlela zokuzungezisa ama-molecule kusampula.
Ukuze wenze lokhu, kusetshenziswa ithuluzi elibizwa ngokuthi i-Raman spectrometer. Leli thuluzi liqukethe i-laser enamandla amakhulu ekhipha ukukhanya kwe-monochromatic, eqondiswe kusampula. Lapho ukukhanya kwe-laser kuhlangana nama-molecule esampula, ukuhlakazeka kwe-Raman kwenzeka. Ukukhanya kwe-Raman okuhlakazekile kuyaqoqwa futhi kuqondiswe kumtshina, orekhoda amandla okukhanya njengomsebenzi wobude bawo beza. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuqonda izinqubo ezifana nalezo ezenzeka ku- I-prism kaNewton.
i-infrared spectroscopy
I-infrared spectroscopy iyindlela yokuhlaziya esetshenziselwa ukukhomba amaqembu asebenzayo kuma-molecule ephilayo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-spectrometer asetshenziswa ku-infrared spectroscopy: i-dispersive infrared radiation spectrometers kanye ne-Fourier iguqula i-infrared radiation spectrometers.
Ngesikhathi senqubo ye-infrared spectroscopy izinyathelo ezilandelayo zenziwa:
- Umsebe wemisebe udlula kusampula.
- Isampula ku-spectrometer imunca imisebe ye-infrared.
- Uma ukumuncwa sekutholakele futhi kwahlaziywa, i-spectrum yokumuncwa iyaphrintwa noma iboniswe kukhompuyutha.
Zonke izinhlanganisela eziphilayo zimunca imisebe ye-infrared kumaza ahlukene ngamaza ngamabhondi phakathi kwama-molecule. Lapho ama-athomu ehlangana, ayavevezela njalo. Lapho ama-molecule e-organic emunca imisebe ye-infrared, izibopho phakathi kwama-athomu ahlukene zidlidliza kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, izibopho ezihlangene kuma-molecule nazo ziyadlidliza futhi ziphoqelelwe ukwelula, ukugoba, noma ukusonteka. Wonke ama-molecule adlidliza ngemvamisa ethile. Ibhondi ngayinye ngaphakathi kwe-molecule inemvamisa yemvelo eyingqayizivele yokudlidliza. Lokhu kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukwakheka kwezinhlanganisela ezifana nalezo ezitholakala ku- indawo yonke.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne-spectroscopy nezici zayo.