Izintaba-mlilo ziyakwazi ukukhipha amandla amaningi futhi ubhubhise konke okuzungezile. Banesibopho sokwakheka kweziqhingi nenhlabathi. Umsebenzi wayo awuhlali njalo, kodwa uma intaba-mlilo iqhuma ingaveza inkinga yangempela kanye nobungozi bemvelo.
Ngabe ufuna ukwazi konke mayelana nezintaba-mlilo?
Izinhlobo zokuqhuma
Izinhlobo zokuqhuma zingancika ekubunjweni nasosayizi wentaba-mlilo, kanye isilinganiso esihlobene samagesi, uketshezi (udaka), nokuqina lokho kuqhamuke. Lezi yizinhlobo zokuqubuka okukhona nezici zazo:
Ukuqhuma kweHawaii
Ziyizici zemagmas ewuketshezi yokwakheka okuyisisekelo (ikakhulukazi i-basaltic), ejwayelekile kwezinye iziqhingi zasolwandle ezifana iziqhingi zaseHawaii, okuvela kuyo igama layo. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nezintaba-mlilo kulesi sifunda, ungabheka isihloko esithi I-NASA kanye nezintaba-mlilo zaseHawaii.
Kungukuqhuma okukhipha ama-lavas anoketshezi kakhulu futhi amabi emagesi, ngakho-ke, awaqhumi kakhulu. Isakhiwo sentaba-mlilo ngokuvamile sinemithambeka emnene futhi sakhiwe njengesihlangu. Amanani okukhuphuka kwe-magma ayashesha futhi ama-runoffs avela ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ingozi ekhona kulolu hlobo lokuqhuma ukuthi i-lava bayakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amakhilomitha ambalwa futhi zidale imililo kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwengqalasizinda abahlangabezana nayo. Ukuze uqonde kangcono umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo, ungabheka ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana ne-volcanic izintaba-mlilo e-Indonesia.
Ukuqhuma kweStrombolian
IMagma, evame ukuba yi-basaltic ne-fluid, imane ikhuphuke kancane futhi ixutshwe namabhamuza amakhulu egesi akhuphuka afike kumamitha ayi-10 ukuphakama. Bayakwazi ukudala ukuqhuma ngezikhathi ezithile.
Awavamisile ukukhiqiza amakholomu aguquguqukayo, futhi ama-pyroclast, achaza ama-ballistic trajectories, asakazwa kumakhilomitha ambalwa eduze komsele. Abavamisile ukuba nodlame kakhulu, ngakho-ke ingozi yabo incane futhi bayakwazi ukukhiqiza izigaxa ze-lava. Lokhu kuqhuma kutholakala eziqhingini zase-Aeolian (Italy) naseVestmannaeyjar (Iceland). Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana izintaba-mlilo e-Italy, sikumema ukuba ufunde isihloko sethu.
Ukuqhuma kweVulcan
Lokhu ukuqhuma okuqhumayo okuphakathi kubangelwe ukuthola imijikelezo yentaba-mlilo evinjwe udaka. Ukuqhuma kwenzeka ngezikhathi zemizuzu embalwa kuya emahoreni. Zivame ezintabeni-mlilo ezikhipha umagma wokwakheka okuphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungafunda mayelana iyini i-magma evela ezintaba-mlilo.
Amakholomu aweqi ku-10 km ubude. Ngokuvamile ukuqhuma okunengozi encane. Ukuze uthole ukuhlaziywa okujulile kwe- izinhlobo zezintaba-mlilo, kuyathakazelisa.
Ukuqhuma kwe-Plinian
Ukuqhuma okunothile ngamagesi okuthi, lapho kuchithwa ku-magma, kubangele ukuhlukaniswa kwawo kube yi-pyroclast (pumice nomlotha). Le nhlanganisela yemikhiqizo ivela emilonyeni ngejubane eliphezulu lokukhuphuka.
Lokhu kuqhuma kukhishwa ngokuqinile, ngevolumu nangejubane. Kubandakanya i-viscosity high magice silmas. Ngokwesibonelo ukuqhuma kweVesuvius okwenzeka ngo-79 BC. C.
Babeka engcupheni enkulu, njengoba amakholomu aqhumayo amise okwekhowe futhi afinyelela ukuphakama okukhulu (ngisho nokufinyelela ku-stratosphere) futhi abangele izimvula zomlotha ezibalulekile ezithinta indawo enkulu kakhulu yokusebenza (amakhilomitha-skwele ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa). Ukuze uqonde okwengeziwe ngezintaba-mlilo eziyingozi, ungabheka isihloko sethu esithi izintaba-mlilo eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni.
Ukuqhuma kweSurtseyan
Kuyiziqhumane lapho i-magma ihlangana nenani elikhulu lamanzi olwandle. Lokhu kuqhuma kubangela iziqhingi ezintsha, njengokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo yaseSurtsey eningizimu ye-Iceland. okwadala isiqhingi esisha ngo-1963.
Umsebenzi walokhu kuqhuma ubonakala ngokuqhuma okuqondile lapho kukhiqizwa amafu amakhulu amhlophe esitimu ahlanganiswe namafu amnyama e-basaltic pyroclasts. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nezintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo, ungavakashela isihloko sethu ku izintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo.
Ukuqhuma kwe-Hydrovolcanic
Ngaphezu kokuqhuma kwe-Vulcanian nePlinian osekuqanjwe ngegama, lapho ukungenelela kwamanzi kubonakala kufakazelwa khona, kukhona okunye okunesimo esiyi-phreatic kuphela (okungukuthi, abanalo igalelo elincane lezinto ezingenalutho) ezibangelwa ukuphakama kwe-magma.
Kungukuqhuma kwesitimu ekhiqizwa edwaleni ngaphezu komthombo wokushisa omangalisayo, okubangela imiphumela elimazayo ngenxa yokonakala nokugeleza kodaka. Lezi zenzakalo zihlobene nocwaningo lwe izintaba-mlilo ezithule.
Isebenza kanjani intaba-mlilo?
Sikhulume ngezinhlobo zokuqhuma okukhona, kepha asazi ukuthi intaba-mlilo isebenza kanjani ngempela. Ukuyiqonda ngendlela elula, kuzochazwa ngesibonelo esilula.
Kumpheki wokucindezela obilisa amanzi, umusi ucindezela izindonga zangaphakathi ngokukhuphuka kwevolumu. Njengoba izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi ebhodweni landa, ivolumu yesitimu ithatha isikhala esiningi futhi yenza ingcindezi eyengeziwe, kuze kufike isikhathi lapho ikhishwa nge-valve futhi umusi uphuma ebhodweni ubanga ukuhayiza okukhulu.
Okwenzeka ezintabeni-mlilo kuyinto efanayo. Ukushisa kuyanda ngaphakathi, kuze kube yilapho izinto ezingaphakathi zixoshwa kanye nomphunga wamanzi ngaphandle. Uma kushisa ingaphakathi, kulapho kuzoqhuma kakhulu ukuqhuma.
Izintaba-mlilo zidlula ngezigaba ezintathu:
- Isigaba sokuqhuma. Inqwaba eshisayo yezinto ze-pyroclastic icindezela ngaphandle. Njengoba imifantu itholakala emhlabathini, iwaphula ngamandla futhi ukuqhuma kwamagesi nezinto ezehlukene kungenzeka. Lokhu kubizwa ngamabhulokhi aqinile kakhudlwana wemagma, umlotha noma izingcezu. Ezikhathini eziningi, ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kuhambisana nomsebenzi othile wokuzamazama komhlaba.
- Isigaba sokuqhuma. Amatshe ancibilikisiwe aqhamuka esiqwini sentaba-mlilo. I-Lava imvamisa iba semazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka-1000 no-1100 degrees. Ngemuva kwalokho iphola kancane kancane futhi iqine ize ithole ukubonakala kwamatshe.
- Isigaba sokulungiswa. Lapho zonke izinto eziqinile seziphelile, umusi negesi kuyakhishwa.
Izingxenye zentaba-mlilo
Izintaba-mlilo zinezingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko:
- Igumbi le-Magmatic. Itholakala ekujuleni kwezinga lomhlaba futhi kulapho kunqwabelana khona udaka.
- Iziko. Umsele okuxoshwa kuwo udaka namagesi.
- Umgodi. Kuyimbobo engxenyeni engenhla yoshimula emise okwefaneli.
Umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo kunzima kakhulu ukuwubikezela ngoba uyahluka futhi uncike ezintweni eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi ukukala. Imvamisa bashintsha izikhathi lapho bengasebenzi khona futhi kwezinye izikhathi bahlala nomsebenzi omaphakathi. Okubi kakhulu yilabo abahlala bengenzi lutho emakhulwini eminyaka bese beqhuma ngokuqhuma okuyinhlekelele.
Kuwo wonke umlando siyabona ukuthi amadolobha amaningana abhujiswe kanjani ngokuphelele yintaba-mlilo, niyabo IPompeii neHerculaneum eRoma lasendulo. Ubukhulu balokhu kuqhuma bungaqhathaniswa nobukhulu be- izindabazingi.
Ngalolu lwazi uzokwazi ukufunda kabanzi ngezintaba-mlilo nezici zazo.
