Izinyathelo zendlela yesayensi

Indlela yesayensi yinqubo efuna ngayo ukusungula ubudlelwano phakathi kwamaqiniso nemithetho kazwelonke esekela ukusebenza komhlaba. Le ndlela ingadluliselwa cishe kuzo zonke isayensi. Kukhona ezahlukene izinyathelo zendlela yesayensi lokho kungadluliselwa kumasayensi amaningi.

Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo eziyinhloko zendlela yesayensi, yiziphi izici zayo nokuthi yiziphi izici ezibalulekile okufanele zicatshangelwe ukuzenza ngendlela efanele.

Ithini indlela yesayensi

Indlela yesayensi iyinqubo yocwaningo lapho uchungechunge lwezinyathelo eziyaliwe lwenziwa ukuze kwenziwe uphenyo, ukuthola ulwazi olusha noma ukukhombisa iqiniso lento ethile. Le nqubo ingaphinda izikhathi eziningana ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba kwemiphumela.

I-Scientific methodology isiyalo esihlaziya izindlela ezahlukene zocwaningo, njengendlela enengqondo-edonsayo, yokuhlaziya, yokuqhathanisa noma yesayensi. Umgomo wendlela yokusebenza njengesiyalo ukubeka izindinganiso kanye nokuthuthukisa izinqubo zesayensi ngokuqhubekayo.

Isayensi igatsha lolwazi elisungula iziphetho, amathiyori noma imithetho esuselwe kunhloso kanye nedatha eqinisekiswayo etholwe ngokubheka, ukuhlola kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesizathu. Indlela ngayinye isebenzisa amasu ahlukene angenangqondo, njengezibalo, ukudonswa kwemali noma ikhwalithi, kuye ngento efundwayo. Uzothola izindlela ezifanayo ku-geology ngokusebenzisa i i-geology yomlando obuye asebenzise ukubuka ukuze athole imibono yakhe.

Izinyathelo zendlela yesayensi

Izinyathelo zendlela yesayensi ziwuchungechunge lwemisebenzi lapho uphenyo lwesayensi lwenziwa ngendlela evamile. Bamele umhlahlandlela wokuqonda ukuthi inqubo yokuthola ulwazi lwesayensi ihamba kanjani. Lezi zinyathelo yilezi:

• Ukuqashelwa
• ukuqashelwa inkinga
• I-hypothesis
• Izibikezelo
• Ukuhlolwa
• Ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela
• Ukuxhumana kwemiphumela

Uma uthi nhlá, izinyathelo zendlela yesayensi zivela njengochungechunge lwezihloko okufanele zilandelwe ngokulandelana nangendlela eyodwa kuphela. Ngakho-ke, ayikho indlela yesayensi yendawo yonke elandelwa yibo bonke abacwaningi ngokuqinile.

Nazi izinyathelo zendlela yesayensi.

Ukuqashelwa

Ukubuka ukuqaphela noma ukubona izici zemvelo. Nakuba kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sendlela yesayensi, isebenza kuyo yonke inqubo yesayensi, kusukela ekuqondeni isenzakalo esingokwemvelo, ekuphakamiseni isixazululo, ekubhekeni imiphumela yokuhlolwa.

Noma yini engabongwa ngezinzwa esizicabangela njengokuqaphela. Ingqapheli enkulu kwakunguCharles Darwin, uyise wenkolelo-mbono yokuzikhethela kwemvelo. Kukho konke ukuhamba kwakhe, wathatha amanothi namasampula okubona kwakhe okwamholela eminyakeni eminingi ukwakha imibono yakhe edume kakhulu.

Ukubuka kudlula lokho esikubona ngamehlo ethu. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, odokotela ababili babona amagciwane amise okwe-S esiswini seziguli ezine-gastritis. Lokhu kutholwa kwenziwa kusetshenziswa isibonakhulu. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kokubuka nakho kuyisisekelo emkhakheni we isimo sezulu, lapho kuhlolwa khona izenzakalo zomkhathi.

ukuqashelwa inkinga

Uma amaqiniso eseqinisekisiwe, kuyadingeka ukuqhathanisa nokuqaphela inkinga. Ukubheka nje akwanele ngaphandle kwelukuluku lokubhekana nalokho okungase kuvele. Ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa yokubona amagciwane esiswini seziguli ezine-gastritis, kwaphakama umbuzo olandelayo: Kungani lokhu kwakungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili? Ingabe la magciwane yiwo abangela izifo? Ayini la magciwane? Lesi sigaba sibalulekile, nakweminye imikhakha efana nale isayensi yezemfundo yezingane, ukuqashelwa kanye nokwakhiwa kwezinkinga ngokubhekwa kokuqala nakho kuyagcizelelwa.

I-hypothesis

I-hypothesis iyincazelo engase ibe khona yombono noma umzamo wokuxazulula inkinga.. Kufanele sizame ukufakazela i-hypothesis, okungukuthi, ukukhombisa ukuthi iyiqiniso noma ingamanga. Ngale ndlela, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa okucatshangwayo nezinkolelo. Ukuthi "i-gastritis iyinganekwane" akuyona into eqanjiwe ngoba ayikho indlela yokuklama ukuhlola ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi lokhu kuyiqiniso yini.

Uma sakha inkoleloze, siyaphoqeleka ukuthi sicabange futhi sisungule incazelo noma isisombululo. Kungaba lula noma kube nzima, kungaba umbono owodwa noma eminingana, okubalulekile ukuzama ukuchaza esikubonayo.

Kodokotela abathole amagciwane athile esiswini, umbono wakhe wawuwukuthi la magciwane ayenomthwalo wokulimala kwesisu. Ku-astronomy, imibono efanayo iyakhiwa lapho kufundwa izenzakalo ze-cosmic, njengoba kuchazwe ku umehluko phakathi kwesayensi yezinkanyezi nokubhula ngezinkanyezi.

Izibikezelo

Izibikezelo ziyimiphumela elindelekile ecatshangelwayo. NgokukaMario Bunge, isibikezelo siwukucabanga ngomphumela othile:

• Qagela imininingwane emisha: Uma sibikezela ngokunembile nangokunembile okuthile, sinikeza ulwazi olusha olungaqinisekiswa.
• Hlola amathiyori: singaqhathanisa izibikezelo nolwazi lwangaphambili.
• Kuyinkomba yesenzo: Imicimbi yokubikezela isiza ukukhetha imisebenzi yocwaningo
• Izibikezelo eziqanjiwe zisiholela ekuhloleni okwengeziwe nasekuhloleni.

Phakathi kokuphawulwe odokotela ngamabhaktheriya abawathola kumasampula e-gastritis, isibikezelo sasiwukuthi abantu abane-gastritis bazolulama ngokushesha uma belashwa ngama-antibiotics. Lokhu kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwezokwelapha, lapho ukunemba kanye nendlela yokuhlola efanele kudingeka, efana naleyo esetshenziswa ku ukuhlola kwesayensi.

Ukuhlolwa

Ukuhlolwa ukuhlola noma ukuhlola lapho izimo zilawulwa ukuze kutholwe ukufaneleka kwenkolelo-mbono.

Ukuqhubeka ne-gastritis njengesibonelo, ukuhlolwa kungokulandelayo: iqembu leziguli ezinezilonda zesisu bathola ukwelashwa okuvamile (iqembu lokulawula), kanti elinye iqembu lathola ukwelashwa kwama-antibiotic (iqembu lokuhlola). Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, udokotela wahlola iqembu ngalinye leziguli futhi wabhala idatha yokuhlola.

Kulesi sivivinyo, okuguquguqukayo okushintshile kwaba ukwelashwa. Zonke ezinye eziguquguqukayo zihlala zingashintshi. Ocwaningweni lwesayensi, into ebonakalayo, inhlanganisela, noma uhlobo lwebhayoloji lukhethwa ukuze kufundwe futhi okokusebenza kusetshenziselwa ukukala okuguquguqukayo. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zokuhlola, abanye abacwaningi kufanele bakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha imiphumela yokuhlola. Njengoba nje ku i-geochronology, lapho kwenziwa ukuhlola ukuze kuqondwe isikhathi sokwakheka komhlaba nemithelela yaso.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemiphumela

Idatha etholwe ngokuhlolwa kufanele ihlaziywe iqhathaniswa nemibono ehlongozwayo nezibikezelo. Ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela kusivumela ukuthi samukele futhi senqabe ama-hypotheses ahlongozwayo, siguqule amamodeli futhi siphakamise izinqubo ezintsha.

Ngenxa yomsebenzi weqembu lodokotela abanesithakazelo ezimbangela ze-gastritis, amagciwane abangela inkinga, i-Helicobacter pylori, atholakala. Lokhu kuhlaziywa okufanayo kwenziwa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yesayensi, njengoba kwenzeka ukuhlola kwe-asteroid, lapho ucwaningo lusekelwe kudatha eqoqwe kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemiphumela etholiwe.

Ukuxhumana kwemiphumela

Isinyathelo esibalulekile endleleni yesayensi ukuxhumana ngemiphumela, indlela yokwabelana nokumemezela emhlabeni lokho esikuzuzile nokuthi kuzuzwe kanjani. Imiphumela ingavezwa ngezindlela eziningana:

• Ukubhala: amaphepha, izindatshana zejenali yesayensi, izihloko zamaphephandaba, amaphosta afundisayo, amakhongolose.
• Okulalelwayo nokubonwayo: Ezingqungqutheleni, kuma-symposia, nasezinkomfeni, ososayensi banethuba lokwethula umsebenzi wabo futhi bashintshisane ngemibono nabanye abacwaningi.

Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nezinyathelo zendlela yesayensi nezici zayo.