Imvelo yokukhanya ibilokhu ibahlaba umxhwele abantu. Ezikhathini zasendulo kwakubhekwa njengempahla yento, okuthile okuvela ezintweni. Ibuye ihlotshaniswe nelanga, inkosi yeplanethi ezinkolweni eziningi kanye nemibono yomhlaba yomuntu wokuqala, ngakho-ke nokufudumala nokuphila. Nokho, abantu abaningi abazi ngempela kuyini ukukhanya.
Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko sizochaza ukuthi ukukhanya kuyini, izici zakho nokubaluleka.
kuyini ukukhanya
ukukhanya kuyinto isenzakalo semvelo esiyisisekelo esisivumela ukuba sibone umhlaba osizungezile. Kuwuhlobo lwamandla akhazimulayo ahamba ngendlela yamaza kagesi. La maza asakazeka emkhathini ngesivinini esikhulu kakhulu, esaziwa ngokuthi ijubane lokukhanya. Ukukhanya kuyingxenye ye-electromagnetic spectrum, esukela kumaza omsakazo kuya emisebeni ye-gamma.
Isici esibalulekile sokukhanya ukuthi kungakhishwa, kubonakale, kudonswe, noma kudluliselwe ngezinto ezihlukahlukene. Izinto zikhipha ukukhanya ngenxa yamandla okushisa ezinawo, njengelangabi noma isibani esikhanyisayo. Uma ukukhanya kuwela entweni, okunye kwakho kungase kudonswe into, okunye kungase kubonakale, futhi okunye kungase kudluliselwe ngayo. Inhlanganisela yokukhanya okuveziwe nokudluliswayo yilokho esikubona njengombala nokukhanya.
Ukukhanya okumhlophe, njengalokho okuvela eLangeni, empeleni kwakhiwe ngengxube yemibala. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukukhanya okumhlophe kungahlukaniswa kube amaza amaza ahlukene lapho kudlula iprism, kudala izinhlobonhlobo zemibala esiwazi njengothingo. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokuziphatha kokukhanya, ungabheka isihloko esithi ukukhanya kokukhanya.
Ngaphezu kwendima yako ekuboneni okubukwayo, ukukhanya nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile ezindaweni eziningi zesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Isetshenziswa kwezokuxhumana, njenge kumasiginali werediyo nethelevishini, nasekudluliselweni kwedatha ngama-optical fibers. Ibalulekile futhi ekuthwebuleni, emithini (efana nokwelashwa nge-laser), ucwaningo lwezinkanyezi, kanye neminye imikhakha eminingi. Ukukhanya kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuqaphelisweni kwezenzakalo zemvelo, njenge i-cumulonimbus.
Umlando othile
AmaGreki asendulo ayekuqonda ukukhanya njengento eseduze neqiniso lezinto. Yacwaningwa izazi zefilosofi ezifana no-Empedocles no-Euclid, ababethole ezinye zezinto zayo ezibonakalayo. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-European Renaissance kuya ekhulwini le-XNUMX, ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-physics yesimanje kanye ne-optics, ucwaningo lwayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo ekuphileni komuntu kuye kwazuza umfutho omkhulu wentuthuko.
Kamuva Ukuphathwa kukagesi kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukukhanyisa izindlu namadolobha ngokwenziwa ngaphandle kokuncika elangeni noma ukushiswa kwamafutha. (izibani zikadizili noma zikaphalafini). Lesi yisisekelo sobunjiniyela be-optical esakhiwe ngekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Ngenxa yama-electronics nama-optics, ukusetshenziswa kokukhanya kuye kwasungulwa okwakungacatshangwa emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka adlule. Ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi kusebenza kanjani ngokomzimba kuye kwanda, sibonga ngokwengxenye ithiyori ye-quantum kanye nentuthuko enkulu yefiziksi nekhemistri eye yenzeka. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nesivinini ukukhanya okuhamba ngaso, ungafunda mayelana ne- isivinini sokukhanya.
Ngenxa yokukhanya nocwaningo lwakho, kuye kwavela ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene, njengama-lasers, i-cinema, izithombe, ama-photocopying, namaphaneli e-photovoltaic, ayisisekelo ezweni lanamuhla futhi aguqule ukusebenzisana kwethu nemvelo.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ihlala ihamba ngomugqa oqondile ngesivinini esinqunyiwe njalo. Ukuvama kwegagasi lokukhanya kunquma izinga lamandla okukhanya futhi yikho okuhlukanisa ukukhanya okubonakalayo kwezinye izinhlobo zemisebe. Nakuba ukukhanya ngokuvamile (kusukela elangeni nezibani) ibonakala imhlophe, iqukethe amagagasi anobude beza obuhambisana nombala ngamunye ku-spectrum ebonakalayo.
Lokhu kungaboniswa ngokuyikhomba ku-prism bese uyihlukanisa ibe imibala yothingo. Izinto zinombala othile ngenxa yombala wento emunca ubude obuthile futhi ibonakalisa eminye, ebonisa ubude begagasi bemibala esiyibonayo. Uma ungathanda ukwazi okwengeziwe ngesihloko, sincoma ukuthi ucwaninge ngaso izakhiwo ezintsha zokukhanya.
Uma sibona into emhlophe, kungenxa yokuthi i-pigment iveza konke ukukhanya okukhishwa kuyo, okungukuthi, wonke amaza obude. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma siyibona imnyama, yingoba idonsa konke ukukhanya, akukho lutho olubonakalayo futhi asiboni lutho, okungukuthi, sibona umnyama. Amehlo ethu abona imibala ye-spectral esukela kobomvu (ubude be-wavelength 700nm) ukuya ku-violet (i-wavelength 400nm).
ukusabalalisa ukukhanya
Ukukhanya kuhamba ngomugqa oqondile ngesivinini esingamamitha angu-299.792.4458 ngomzuzwana endaweni engenalutho.. Uma kufanele uhambe endaweni eminyene noma eyinkimbinkimbi, uhamba ngesivinini esincane. Isazi sezinkanyezi sase-Denmark u-Ole Roemer wenza isilinganiso sokuqala esilinganiselwe sejubane lokukhanya ngo-1676. Kusukela lapho, i-physics iye yawucwenga kakhulu umshini wokulinganisa.
Ukwenzeka kwethunzi nakho kuhlobene nokusakazeka kokukhanya: lapho ukukhanya kuwela entweni e-opaque, ukukhanya kuklama uhlaka lwako ngemuva, kugqamisa izingxenye ezivinjwe into. Kunamadigri amabili omthunzi: umthunzi olula obizwa nge-penumbra, umthunzi olula obizwa nge-penumbra kanye nomthunzi olula obizwa nge-penumbra. Omunye umbala umnyama futhi ubizwa ngokuthi umbra.
Ijiyomethri ibilokhu iyithuluzi elibalulekile lapho itadisha ukusatshalaliswa kokukhanya noma ukuklama amadivayisi ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela ethile, njengezibonakude nezibonakhulu. Uma ufuna ukujula emcabangweni weminyaka yokukhanya ku-astronomy, sincoma isihloko esithi unyaka wokukhanya kanye nokubaluleka kwayo esilinganisweni samabanga ezinkanyezi.
Ukukhanya kwemvelo nokukhanya okwenziwa
Umthombo wokukhanya ovamile wesintu yilanga, elihlale lisikhanyisela ngokukhanya okubonakalayo, ukushisa, ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, nezinye izinhlobo zemisebe.
Ukukhanya kwelanga kubalulekile ku-photosynthesis nokugcina izinga lokushisa loMhlaba liphakathi kwebanga elifanele ukuphila. Kufana nokukhanya esikubona kwezinye izinkanyezi emthaleni wethu, nakuba zihlukaniswe izigidigidi zamakhilomitha.
Kusukela ekuqaleni, abantu baye bazama ukulingisa imithombo yokukhanya yemvelo. Ekuqaleni, Lokhu ukwenza ngokuba nobuchule bomlilo, esebenzisa amathoshi nemililo yasekamu, edinga izinto ezivuthayo futhi ephila isikhathi esifushane.
Kamuva, kwasetshenziswa amakhandlela ayevutha ngendlela elawulwayo, futhi kamuva wadala izigxobo zezibani ezazishisa amafutha noma amanye ama-hydrocarbon, akha inethiwekhi yokukhanyisa yasemadolobheni yokuqala, kamuva eyathathelwa indawo igesi yemvelo. Ekugcineni, kwatholakala ukusetshenziswa kukagesi, okuyinguqulo ephephile nesebenza kahle kakhulu.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi ukukhanya kuyini nezici zako.
