Umhlaba Omangalisayo Wogwadule: Isimo Sezulu, Izitshalo Nezilwane

Lapho sicabanga izingwadule, izindunduma zaseSahara Desert ngokuvamile zifika engqondweni, noma indawo ebonakala kwezinye izingxenye zeMexico. Kuzo zombili izindawo, kushisa kakhulu emini, kodwa ebusuku izinga lokushisa lehla kakhulu. Nokho, isenzakalo sasogwadule siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi siyathakazelisa kunalokho umuntu angase akucabange. Ngakho-ke, ngikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda lesi sihloko lapho sizohlola khona yonke into mayelana isimo sezulu sasogwadule, izimfihlo zayo, izilwane zayo, izitshalo zayo nokunye okuningi.

Kukhona izingwadule ezibandayo

Yebo, uma ubucabanga ukuthi kunezingwadule kuphela lapho kushisa kakhulu, ubunephutha. Eplanethini enguMhlaba, kunezinye izindawo lapho kufanele ugqoke khona izingubo ezishisayo, ikakhulukazi uma unegazi elibandayo njengami, futhi lapho izinga lokushisa lehla ngaphansi kuka-10ºC, uqala ukudinga ibhantshi elihle. Lezi zingwadule zihlukaniswe kabili: kubanda, njengamaGobi (eMongolia naseChina), iTibet, iGreat Snowy Basin kanye nePuna; kanye ne polar, njengoba negama layo libonisa, zisePoles. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lonyaka lizungeze -2.5ºC ogwadule olubandayo, futhi -20ºC ogwadule olushisayo.

Ingabe kukhona ukuphila ogwadule?

Kuncane kakhulu, kodwa kukhona. Nokho, ngokuvamile azitholakali phakathi nogwadule, kodwa kunalokho ezindaweni eziseduze namanzi. Phakathi kwezilwane esizitholayo kukhona ofezela, the amakamela, the ubobcat, the impunga, lo inyoka yenyoka, amagagasi izimfudu zasogwadule; kanye nezitshalo, sinezinhlobo eziningi ze I-Acacia, njengo A. tortilis, i baobab (Adansonia) noma i- Ugwadule lwavuka (I-Adenium obesum).

Ukuzivumelanisa kwazo nezimo ezimbi kakhulu, ngokungangabazeki, esinye sezici ezithakazelisayo kakhulu zalezi zinhlobo.

Ebusuku kuyabanda kakhulu ezingwadule

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, uma zingekho izimila namafu, umhlabathi ugcina ukushisa ngokushesha phakathi nosuku, kepha ebusuku ilahleka ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngakho, amazinga okushisa angehla ngisho nangaphansi kuka-0°C, okungase kumangaze kulabo abacabanga kuphela ngesithombe sokushisa okukhulu okuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezingwadule.

Izici zesimo sezulu sasogwadule

Izingwadule zinezici ezimbalwa ezizihlukanisa kwezinye izinhlobo zama-biomes:

• Imvula ephansi: Ngokuvamile, izingwadule zithola imvula engaphansi kuka-250 mm ngonyaka.
• Izinguquko ezishisayo: Umehluko wokushisa phakathi kwemini nobusuku ungaba ngokwedlulele, amazinga okushisa avame ukudlula ku-40°C emini futhi ehle ngaphansi kuka-0°C ebusuku.
• Inhlabathi eyomile: Inhlabathi yasogwadule ivamise ukuba nesihlabathi noma inamatshe, inezinto ezincane eziphilayo kanye nezakhamzimba, okuyenza ibe indawo enenzondo yokuphila.
• Ukuhwamuka okunamandla: Izinga eliphezulu lokuhwamuka ngenxa yokushisa kanye nomswakama omncane lisho ukuthi imvula eyivelakancane imunca ngokushesha.

Lokhu kwenza ukuphila kube nzima ngokwedlulele ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ezizama ukuhlala kulezi zindawo. Nokho, ezinye izinhlaka ziye zathuthuka ukuvumelanisa okumangalisayo ukusinda.

izinhlobo zezingwadule

Izingwadule zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziningana kuye ngezici zazo zezulu nezindawo:

• Izingwadule ezishisayo nezomile: Anamazinga okushisa aphezulu unyaka wonke, njenge-Sahara Desert kanye ne-Sonoran Desert.
• Izingwadule ezibandayo: Itholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme, lapho izinga lokushisa lingehla kakhulu, njengaseGobi kanye nezingwadule zasePatagonian.
• Izingwadule ezingasomile: Zinesimo sezulu esiba manzi kancane kunezingwadule ezijwayelekile, ezinemvula ethe xaxa. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-Great Basin Desert.
• Izingwadule ezisogwini: Itholakala ogwini, ithonywe amagagasi olwandle abandayo, njenge-Atacama Desert.

Uhlobo ngalunye logwadule lune-ecosystem ehlukile, lapho izinhlobo zezilwane ziye zahlakulela izici ezithile ukuze ziphile.

Izimbali zasogwadule

Izitshalo zasogwadule ngokuvamile ziyingcosana futhi ziyahlukahluka. Izitshalo kulezi zindawo sezithuthukile ukuzivumelanisa okuyingqayizivele ukuze usinde ekuswelekeni kwamanzi:

• Izitshalo ezine-Succulent: Lezi zitshalo zigcina amanzi ezicutshini zazo, okuzivumela ukuba zikwazi ukuphila isikhathi eside esomile. Izibonelo zifaka i-cacti nezinye izinhlobo ze-succulents.
• Izimpande ezijulile: Izitshalo eziningi zinezimpande ezijulile ezizivumela ukuba zifinyelele imithombo yamanzi engaphansi komhlaba.
• Amaqabunga amancane noma alahlekile: Ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi ngokuhwamuka, ezinye izitshalo zinamaqabunga amancane kakhulu noma azinawo nhlobo amaqabunga, njengoba kwenzeka ngezinhlobo eziningi ze-cacti.

Lezi zimo, kanye nokuba khona kwe oasis, lapho amanzi efinyeleleka kalula khona, abalulekile ekusindeni kwezitshalo ezingwadule.

Izilwane zasogwadule

Izilwane ezihlala ogwadule nazo sezithuthukile ukuvumelanisa okuthakazelisayo ukuze uphile ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu:

• Izilwane zasebusuku: Izilwane eziningi zasogwadule zihamba ebusuku, okuzivumela ukuba zigweme amazinga okushisa aphezulu emini futhi zisebenzise ithuba lokupholisa ebusuku ukuze zidle.
• Imikhuba yokuhlala ngaphansi komhlaba: Ezinye izilwane, njengamagundane nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, zimba imigudu ukuze ziphephele ekushiseni nasekuphelelweni amanzi emzimbeni.
• Ukubophela umswakama: Izinhlobo eziningi zithola amanzi eziwadingayo ekudleni kwazo, isibonelo izinambuzane namagundane.

Ukuzijwayeza kwalezi zilwane kuwubufakazi bokuthi impilo ingaba kanjani thola indlela yokuchuma ngisho nasezimweni ezimbi kakhulu.

Ukubaluleka kwemvelo kwezingwadule

Izingwadule zidlala indima ebalulekile i-ecology yomhlaba wonke, ingabalulekile nje kuphela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kodwa futhi nokuba negalelo ekulawuleni isimo sezulu. Zisebenza njengamasinki ekhabhoni futhi zibalulekile ekutadisheni ukujwayela kanye nokuvela kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Ukwengeza, izingwadule ziyizindawo ezivamise ukuba sengcupheni yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nemisebenzi yabantu, okugqamisa isidingo sokulondoloza lezi zindawo zemvelo eziyingqayizivele.

Izingwadule ezinkulu zomhlaba

Ngezansi ezinye zezingwadule ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni:

• I-Sahara Desert: Ugwadule olushisayo olukhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, oluhlanganisa cishe i-9.2 million km² eNyakatho Afrika.
• I-Gobi Desert: Ugwadule olubandayo olunqamula eMongolia naseShayina, olwaziwa ngobusika obubandayo.
• I-Atacama Desert: Ithathwa njengendawo eyome kakhulu emhlabeni, itholakala eChile futhi iveza indawo eyingqayizivele.
• I-Arabian Desert: Njengoba ihlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yeNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia, idume ngezinga layo eliphezulu lokushisa nemvula ephansi.
• I-Kalahari Desert: Njengoba iseningizimu ye-Afrika, lolugwadule alulona ugwadule ngokuphelele, kodwa lunenkathi eyomile ende.

Ngalunye lwalezi zingwadule lunezici zalo zokuma kwezwe, isimo sezulu, kanye nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, okulwenza luhluke futhi lufanelekele ukufundwa.

Ukuphenduka Ugwadule: Inkinga yomhlaba wonke

Ukuphenduka ugwadule kuyinqubo yokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo ezomile okuhilela ukulahlekelwa ikhono lomhlabathi lokusekela ukuphila. Lesi simo sibangelwa ikakhulukazi imisebenzi yabantu, njengokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukuklaba ngokweqile, kanye nokulima okungalawuleki.

Izimbangela:

• Ukugawulwa Kwamahlathi: Ukususwa kwezihlahla nezimila kunciphisa ikhono lomhlabathi lokugcina amanzi.
• Ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile kwemithombo: Ukumba amanzi ngokweqile nezinye izinsiza kungaholela ekucekeleni phansi komhlaba.
• Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu: Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, njengokukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa nokuncipha kwemvula, kwandisa ukugwaduleka.

Imiphumela:

• Ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo: Ukuphenduka ugwadule kuthinta izinhlobo ezincike kuzinto eziphilayo ezinempilo.
• Ukufuduka kwemiphakathi: Ukulahlekelwa indawo yokulima kuholela ekufudukeni kwabantu ngenkani.
• Ukwanda kobumpofu: Imiphakathi ethembele kwezolimo ithikamezeke kakhulu wugwadule.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwesimo sezulu sasogwadule kanye nezinguquko zemvelo

Isimo sezulu esiwugwadule sisengozini ngenxa yezinguquko zemvelo emhlabeni, okuhlanganisa nokufudumala komhlaba. Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi ngo-2050, izindawo eziningi manje ezibhekwa njengeziwugwadule zingase zibe nezimo eziwugwadule, okubangele ukwanda kogwadule.

Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukwamukela izinqubo ezisimeme zokulawulwa komhlaba namanzi ezisiza ukulondoloza lezi zindawo ezibalulekile zemvelo.

Ukuziphatha kokulondoloza nokubuyisela

Kunezinhlelo namaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene aqhubekayo emhlabeni jikelele okuhloswe ngawo ukulwa nokuphenduka ugwadule kanye nokugqugquzela ukubuyiswa kwezindawo ezonakele. Amanye amasu ahlanganisa:

• Ukutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi kanye nokubuyiselwa kwezimila zomdabu.
• Ukuqaliswa kwezinqubo zezolimo ezisimeme ezithuthukisa ukugcinwa kwamanzi.
• Ukufundisa nokuqwashisa ngokubaluleka kokongiwa kwemvelo.

Ukusebenzisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kuwukhiye kule mizamo, njengoba ugwadule kuyinkinga engayazi imingcele futhi kudinga indlela ehlangene phakathi kwamazwe.

Izingwadule zingaphezu nje kwezindawo zesihlabathi namadwala; Ziyizinhlelo zemvelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yeplanethi. Ukuhlola isimo sezulu sazo, izitshalo, izilwane, kanye nezinselele ezibhekana nazo kusisiza ukuba siqonde ukubaluleka kokuvikela lezi zindawo ezomile manje nasezizukulwaneni ezizayo.