El Neanderthal eyaziwa ngegama lesayensi le- I-Homo neanderthalensis kwakuyi-hominid eyathuthuka kakhulu eYurophu kusuka eminyakeni engaba ngu-230.000 edlule kuya eminyakeni engama-28.000 edlule. Yaziwa ngegama leNeanderthal futhi ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zohlobo lweHomo iye yathuthuka kuphela futhi yahlala ezwenikazi laseYurophu.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi ngeNeanderthal nezici zayo.
Umsuka weNeanderthal
Imvelaphi ingeyaseYurophu kuphela okwatholakala ubufakazi obukhombisa ukuthi uyinzalo ye- UHomo heidelbergensis, eza eYurophu ivela e-Afrika ngesikhathi se-Middle Pleistocene. Kwaba ngamashumi eminyaka ambalwa ebenobudlelwano, okuthi noma kungacaci kahle, ne Homo sapiens ngaphakathi komongo wokuziphendukela komuntu. Kukhona ukuhlaziywa okuningi kwamadiphozithi okutholakele futhi kunokungabaza. Into ejwayelekile kunazo zonke ukuthi bekuyizinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene, okuthi noma zingezohlobo olufanayo, zahlala ndawonye ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Futhi ukuthi lolu hlobo lomuntu lwalunomehluko wokwakheka nokwakheka kwe- Homo sapiens. Umthamo wobuchopho wawumkhulu, wawudlula ngisho nowomuntu wanamuhla. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu esenza kube nokungabaza ngembangela yokuqothulwa kwayo phakathi kochwepheshe. Umbono ogqame kakhulu yilowo oveza ukuthi babebasindwe yisibalo se Homo sapiens owavela e-Afrika. Siyazi ukuthi leli zwekazi liyisizinda sesintu njengoba kuwuhlobo lwethu olwavela kuleli zwekazi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, okhokho abangabantu banda bayofinyelela kuyo yonke iplanethi, bagcina beyibusa ngokuphelele. Babengebodwa enqubweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Ngale ndlela, eYurophu kungavela izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zabantu zohlobo olufanayo. INeanderthal yayinamandla okuba uhlobo evelele. Izinhlobo ezavela kuzo kwakudingeka zishintshe indawo yazo yokuhlala ngesikhathi senqubo yokugodola. Lokhu kubenze ukuthi bathuthele eningizimu ngenxa yezimo zemvelo ezibandayo kakhulu. Emakhulwini eminyaka edlule bekunezimo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlukaniswa okwadala isidingo sokuthi sikwazi ukujwayela futhi sabangela ukuvela kwama-hominids.
Ngemuva kokuphela kweminyaka yeqhwa, baqala ukufana namaNeanderthal. Yilapho zizohamba zisuka ekubeni uhlobo oluhlukile luye kolunye. Wazalwa I-Homo neanderthalensis.
Ukutholwa kwabantu
Yize yahlala isikhathi eside, ayikaze ibe nabantu abaningi. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngesikhathi sama-200.000 ebesihlala emhlabeni, besingadluli isibalo sabantu abangu-7.000. Lesi isibalo esincane kakhulu, ngoba namuhla noma yiliphi idolobha elincane linezakhamuzi eziningi kakhulu. Isikhathi lapho lolu hlobo luthola ubunzima baso senzeka cishe eminyakeni eyi-100.000 XNUMX eyedlule. Amathuluzi atholakele avumela ososayensi ukuthi baqinisekise ukuthi banamakhono aphezulu kakhulu okukhula kwengqondo.
Yize babenabantu abambalwa, izinsalela ezihlakazeke kakhulu zitholakele, okufakazela ukuthi zasakazeka kulo lonke izwekazi laseYurophu. Abanye ochwepheshe bacabanga ukuthi bebengafinyelela enkabeni ye-Asia. Ubudlelwano phakathi kweNeanderthal ne- Homo sapiens kwesinye isikhathi iphikisana nomqondo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqondile. Iqiniso lihluke kakhulu. Izinhlobo zabantu azizange zithuthuke futhi ziguquke ngendlela yomugqa.
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zalolu hlobo sezihlanganyele iplanethi ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene futhi zahlala kwezinye izindawo. AmaNeanderthal ayehlala eYurophu, amaSapiens ase-Afrika nezinye izinhlobo ezifana noHomo erectus afinyelela eMpumalanga.
Izindlela zokucwaninga ezisetshenziselwa ukufunda okwengeziwe ngalolu hlobo ziye zasiza kakhulu ekuvezeni ukuthi abantu baba khona kanjani. Lena inqubo yokuhlaziya i-DNA. Kuyaziwa ukuthi amaSapiens kanye namaNeanderthals babehlala ndawonye eYurophu ngesikhathi abakwaSapiens besuka e-Afrika. Kodwa kuncane okwaziwayo ngokuhlalisana kwazo. Siyazi ocwaningweni olushicilelwe ku-Neanderthal genome ukuthi umuntu wamanje usenayo cishe i-3% ye-DNA ene-Neanderthal. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukubhanqa kwenzeka phakathi kwazo zombili izinhlobo, ngisho noma ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ukuqothulwa kwe-Neanderthal
Iziphambano eziphakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zaqala isikhathi eside kunokucabanga kwangaphambilini. Abantu balezi zinhlobo ezimbili babekhona endaweni efanayo eminyakeni engaba ngu-100.000 XNUMX edlule. Ukuqothulwa kwamaNeanderthal kusaphikiswa yimibuthano ethile yesayensi. Kunemibono ethile, kodwa ayikho engasungulwa njengelungile. Kuye kwavela idatha entsha ebonakala ifihla isikhathi esiqondile sokunyamalala kwalolu hlobo.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi zaqala ukunyamalala lapho iYurophu iqala ukuphola kakhulu, okwaholela ekwehleni kwemithombo yemvelo. Mayelana nesizathu sokunyamalala kwabo, abanye ongoti basikisela ukuthi kungaba yilokhu kuguquka kwesimo sezulu esikubalulile. Abanye ochwepheshe bathi isizathu sokunyamalala kwamaNeanderthal singaba ngenxa yokufika kwamaHomo sapiens. Le thiyori ayinaso isisekelo esitheni njengoba sesibonile ukuthi kwakukhona iziphambano phakathi kwabo.
Ngakho-ke, umbono oyiqiniso ozama ukuqinisa ukuthi inani lama-Sapiens lifinyelele izikhathi eziphindwe ka-10 kwelamaNeanderthal. Lokhu kubangele umzabalazo wemithombo yemvelo kanye nezinye izifo zathinta amaNeanderthal hhayi amaSapiens. Kulokhu sengeza ukweqa phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo zombili okusho ukunyamalala kwesidlule.
Ezinye izifiso
Phakathi kwezinsalela ezitholakele zeNeanderthals, sithola ezinye zazo ezinikeza imininingwane eyanele yokwazi izici zazo zomzimba. Babezivumelanise namakhaza ngoba kuzofanele baphile endaweni ephawulwe yiminyaka yokugcina yeqhwa. Lokhu kubangele ukuthi bavumelane nesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu ukuze baphile. Phakathi kwalezi zinguquko sithola isikhathi eside futhi sifushane. Ikhala liphinde libanzi ukuze likwazi ukushutha iphunga kude.
Abazange bagqame ukuphakama kwayo kwazise ibinobude obumaphakathi obungamamitha ayi-1.65.