El isikhathi se-quaternary eyokugcina ehambelana ne- Isikhathi seCenozoic. Yinkathi eqhubekayo namuhla futhi eyaqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-2.5 edlule futhi ihlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu. Izilwane zaseQuaternary zihlolisiswe ngokuningiliziwe ngoba kulula ukuthola ulwazi uma lusakamuva.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nezilwane ze-Quaternary.
Isikhathi se-Quaternary
Lesi yisikhathi esinomsebenzi othakazelisa kakhulu wokuma komhlaba. Iyasebenza njengasezikhathini ezedlule, yize kubukeka sengathi yehle kakhulu. Ukuhamba kwamazwekazi kuhamba kancane, njengezinye izinqubo ze-orogenic. Izinqubo ze-Orogenic zivela ekungqubuzaneni kwamapuleti e-tectonic. Kodwa-ke, njengoba kubonakala ezifundweni ezahlukene, kunomsebenzi omncane we-orogenic kulo lonke i-Quaternary.
Izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo nezilwane ezingaphansi kwe-Quaternary fauna sezithuthuke kakhulu. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukwanda okukhulu kokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokuvela kwabantu, izinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo sezishabalele futhi sesisondela ekuqothulweni kwesithupha emhlabeni, njengoba kushiwo ezifundweni ezimayelana ithonya labantu esimweni sezulu.
Ngokufingqa, kungashiwo ukuthi kuyisikhathi esizolile kusuka endaweni yokubuka komhlaba. Ukwehla kwamazinga okushisa ezemvelo kuye kwaholela phambili, okwenza izingqimba eziningana. Kodwa-ke, manje siphila enkathini yezinhlanga esaziyo ukuthi Holocene.
Ezabantu nezilwane zeQuaternary
Ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu kuyinto ephawuleka kakhulu ezilwaneni zaseQuaternary. Kulapha lapho kwavela khona okhokho bokuqala bomuntu wanamuhla. Ingxenye yokuqala yokuziphendukela kwemvelo komuntu kwakuyi-Australopithecus futhi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamanje yi-Homo sapiens. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa okunengqondo kwabantu kuye kwafundwa, kodwa namakhono abo omphakathi.
IQuaternary iye yaziwa ngokuba nenani elikhulu lokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo. Lokhu kucishwa kwenzeka ngendlela ehlelekile ngemuva kokuvela komuntu. Okubizwa nge-megafauna okwakukhona ekugcineni kwePleistocene kuyanyamalala ngesivinini esisheshayo. Ochwepheshe babheka imisebenzi yabantu njengembangela eyinhloko yokushabalala. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abantu basebenzisa izilwane zasendle ukuze bathole izinzuzo ezinjengokudla, izingubo zokugqoka, amathuluzi okwenza, phakathi kokunye. Ngokufunda kabanzi ngokushabalala kwezinhlobo zezilwane, kuyasiza ukuhlola ukuthi abantu bayithonye kanjani le nqubo.
Kunososayensi abaningi abethukile ngoba bafunde ngesivinini okwenzeka ngaso lokhu kucisheka futhi kuyinto enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni. Ezingeni lapho izinhlobo zezilwane ziphela khona, abanaso isikhathi sokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha zemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlu lwezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothuka lukhula ngokwanda.
Izimbali nentuthuko
I-flora yabhekana nokuhlukahluka okukhulu kokubili ezingeni lezitshalo zasemanzini nezasemhlabeni. Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngokuvamile ziye zancika kakhulu esimweni sezulu, futhi ngenxa yalokhu, izilwane ziye zahlakulela izici ezithile ukuze zivumelane nesimiso esithile semvelo.
Amarekhodi ezinsalela akhombisa ukuthi kukhona inani elikhulu lezitshalo ze-thermophilic ezikwazile ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zokushisa ezedlulele. Ezinye zazo yilezo ezivumelana namazinga okushisa abandayo kakhulu. Isikhathi se-quaternary sidale i- ukubukeka kwama-biomes ahlukene anezici zawo zesimo sezulu. Lokhu kunquma kakhulu izinhlobo zezitshalo ezizokhula kuzo. Lesi sici singacutshungulwa ngokuqhubekayo ngokubuyekeza umthelela walawa ma-biomes ku izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nokuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Inombolo enkulu yezitshalo ezitholakala emhlabeni ama-angiosperms. Lezi yizo ezinembewu evikelwe. Kamuva e-Quaternary, amahlathi namahlathi aqala ukuvela, ikakhulukazi emazingeni ashisayo. Izitshalo ziya ngokuya ziba yisipesheli ezindaweni ezahlukene.
Izilwane ezikhethiwe
Izilwane azishintshile kangako kusukela ekuqaleni kweQuaternary kuze kube namuhla. Izilwane eziye zasinda kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi ziye zakwazi ukusinda ezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo ezihlukahlukene. Iningi labo liye lasinda kuze kube namuhla. Nokho, ezinye izici ezibalulekile kufanele zishiwo.
Izilwane ezincelisayo kwakuyizilwane ezinokuziphendukela kwemvelo okukhulu nentuthuko. Njengoba kwavela iqembu lezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu, lalibizwa ngokuthi yi-megafauna. Phakathi kwama-megafauna kwakukhona izilwane ezincelisayo ezidume kakhulu ezaziwa njenge- amazinyo amakhulu, ama-megatherium namazinyo ama-saber. Isici esiyinhloko salezi zilwane kwakuwubukhulu bazo obukhulu kanye neqiniso lokuthi zazimbozwe uboya obukhulu. Lezi kwakuyizinhlobo zokuzijwayeza ukuze ukwazi ukusinda emakhazeni. Kuyathakazelisa ukwenza isiqhathaniso ne i-homo neanderthalensis kanye nokujwayela kwayo imvelo.
Iningi lezilwane ze-megafauna selivele lanyamalala namuhla. Umammoth uyaqhubeka nanamuhla ngezindlovu kanye nengwe enamazinyo ama-saber. I-megatherium yi-sloths yamanje.
Izilwane zaseQuaternary yizona esezike zashabalala kakhulu. Ngesikhathi seHolocene, ukuqothulwa kwezilwane kuye kwanda ngenxa yokuthuthuka komuntu. Abantu banembangela yokushabalala okuhlelekile kwenani elikhulu lezilwane. Phakathi kwezilwane eziyizifanekiselo ezingasekho, singabala ama-mammoths, ama-dodos kanye nempisi yaseTasmania, phakathi kwabanye.
Ama-Amphibians yiwona asongelwa kakhulu njengoba kulinganiselwa ukuthi Ama-30% azo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo anganyamalala eminyakeni embalwa ezayo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu kuyisici esinqumayo ezilwaneni zaseQuaternary. Yilapho ama-hominids okuqala avela khona kuze kube namuhla Homo sapiens. Ngemuva kwe I-Australopithecus i Homo habilis futhi kamuva I-Homo erectus. Le nhlobo isivele inesici esiyinhloko sokukwazi ukuhamba iqonde ngezitho ezimbili. Lokhu kwamvumela ukuthi abe nokubuka okubanzi kwawo wonke umhlaba omzungezile.
Wakwazi nokuthola umlilo kanye nokuthuthela kwamanye amazwe okuhlangenwe nakho kwamanye amazwekazi. Yena I-Homo neanderthalensis kwakungenye yezingavamile kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umzimba wabo wawujwayele izinga lokushisa eliphansi. Basebenzisa uboya bezilwane abazingelwayo ukuze babasize futhi bazenzele izingubo zabo ukuze bazivikele emakhazeni. Cishe zonke izinsalela zalolu hlobo ziye zatholakala ezwenikazi laseYurophu.
Kakade Homo sapiens Yiyo esungula imiphakathi futhi emake isigaba sabaphathi bezenhlalo. Ingqondo yakho ikhule ngokugcwele futhi ingahlaziya izingqinamba nezici ezahlukahlukene futhi ibhekane nezinye izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Wabuye wakwazi ukuthuthukisa ulimi olukhulumayo.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngezilwane zeQuaternary.