El i-polonium (Po) iyinsimbi ekhipha imisebe eyivelakancane eyivelakancane kakhulu futhi eguquguquka kakhulu. Ngaphambi kokutholwa kwe-polonium yizazi zefiziksi zasePoland-French Marie Curie Ngo-1898, i-uranium ne-thorium yizona kuphela izakhi ezaziwa nge-radioactive.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela zonke izici, ukusetshenziswa kanye nokubaluleka kwe-polonium.
Izici eziyinhloko
Kuyinto engavamile futhi eguquguqukayo kakhulu e-radioactive.. UCurie wayiqamba ngokuthi ipolonium ngendabuko yakubo yasePoland. I-Polonium ayisebenzi kangako kubantu ngaphandle kwezinhlelo ezimbalwa ezisongelayo: yasetshenziswa njengesiqalisi ebhomu le-athomu lokuqala nanjengobuthi okusolwayo ekufeni kwabantu abaningi abasezingeni eliphezulu. Ekusetshenzisweni kwezentengiselwano, i-polonium ngezikhathi ezithile isetshenziselwa ukususa ugesi omile emishinini noma uthuli lwefilimu, nayo ehlobene umsakazo. Ingasetshenziswa futhi njengomthombo we-photothermal we-thermoelectricity kumasathelayithi asemkhathini.
IPolonium ingeyeqembu 16 kanye nesikhathi sesi-6 sethebula le-periodic. Ngokusho kweRoyal Society of Chemistry, ihlukaniswa njengensimbi ngoba ukuqhutshwa kwe-polonium kuncipha ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa. Uma ungathanda ukwenza ucwaningo olwengeziwe ngale nto, ungabheka ulwazi oluhlobene nayo.
Lesi sici sinzima kakhulu kuma-chalcogens, iqoqo lezakhi ezaziwa nangokuthi "iqembu le-oxygen." Wonke ama-chalcogens akhona ku-ore yethusi. Ezinye izakhi eqenjini le-chalcogen zifaka umoya-mpilo, isulfure, i-selenium, ne-tellurium.
Kunama-isotopi aziwayo angama-33 alesi sakhi samakhemikhali (ama-athomu e-elementi efanayo anezinombolo ezahlukene zama-neutron), futhi wonke anemisebe. Ukungaqini kahle kwe-radioactive yale elementi kuyenza ibe ikhandidethi elifanele lebhomu le-athomu.
Izici Zomzimba zePolonium
- Inombolo ye-athomu (inombolo yama-proton ku-nucleus): 84
- Uphawu lwe-athomu (kuthebula le-periodic lezinto): Po
- Isisindo se-athomu (isilinganiso sesisindo se-athomu): 209
- Ukuminyana: 9.32 amagremu cubic centimeter ngayinye
- Isigaba ekamelweni lokushisa: Kuqinile
- Iphuzu elincibilikayo: 489.2 degrees Fahrenheit (254 degrees Celsius)
- Indawo yokubilisa: 1,763.6 degrees F (962 degrees C)
- I-isotopu evame kakhulu: I-Po-210 enesigamu sempilo yezinsuku eziyi-138 kuphela
Ukutholwa
Lapho uCurie nomyeni wakhe, uPierre Curie, bethola lesi sici, babefuna umthombo we-radioactivity i-uranium ecebile ngokwemvelo ebizwa ngokuthi i-pitchblende. Laba bobabili baphawule ukuthi i-pitchblende engalungisiwe yayinomsakazo omningi kune-uranium eyayihlukanisiwe nayo. Ngakho bacabanga ukuthi i-pitchblende kufanele ukuthi iphethe okungenani enye into eyodwa ekhipha imisebe.
AbakwaCuries bathenge amashaji e-pitchblende ukuze bakwazi ukuhlukanisa ngamakhemikhali izinhlanganisela namaminerali. Ngemva kwezinyanga zokuzikhandla, ekugcineni bahlukanisa isici esikhipha imisebe: into ekhipha imisebe ephindwe izikhathi ezingu-400 kune-uranium, ngokwe-International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
Ukukhishwa kwe-Polonium kwakuyinselele ngoba kwakukhona inani elincane; ithani elilodwa le-uranium ore liqukethe kuphela ama-micrograms ayi-100 (0,0001 amagremu) we-polonium. Kodwa-ke, amaCuries akwazile ukukhipha isotopu manje esiyazi ngokuthi i-Po-209, ngokusho kweRoyal Society of Chemistry.
Itholakala kuphi
Imikhondo ye-Po-210 ingatholakala emhlabathini nasemoyeni. Isibonelo, i-Po-210 ikhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokubola kwe-radon gas 222, okuwumphumela wokubola kwe-radium, isici esihlobene nesihloko esithi.
I-Radium yona iwumkhiqizo obolile we-uranium, okhona cishe kuwo wonke amadwala nenhlabathi eyakhiwe ngamadwala. Ulwelwe lungamunca i-polonium ngokuqondile emkhathini. Ezifundeni ezisenyakatho, abantu abadla ama-reindeer bangase babe namazinga aphezulu e-polonium egazini labo ngenxa yokuthi ama-reindeer adla ulele, ngokusho kwe-Smithsonian.com.
Kubhekwa njengento engavamile yemvelo. Nakuba ikhona ku-uranium ore, akukona ukonga ukumba imayini ngoba kukhona cishe ama-micrograms ayi-100 we-polonium ethanini elilodwa (0,9 metric tons) ye-uranium ore, ngokusho kwe-Jefferson Lab. Kunalokho, i-polonium yenziwa nge-bombarding bismuth 209, isotope ezinzile, nama-neutron kumareactor enyukliya.
Ngokusho kweRoyal Society of Chemistry, lokhu kukhiqiza i-radioactive bismuth 210, ebese ibola ibe ipolonium ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukubola kwe-beta. I-US Nuclear Regulatory Commission ilinganisela ukuthi umhlaba ukhiqiza kuphela amagremu ayi-100 (3,5 ounces) e-polonium-210 ngonyaka.
Sebenzisa
Ngenxa ye-radioactivity ephezulu, ipolonium inezinhlelo zokusebenza ezimbalwa zokuthengisa. Ukusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe kwale elementi kubandakanya ukukhipha ugesi omile emishinini nokukhipha uthuli kumaroli efilimu.
Kuzo zombili izinhlelo zokusebenza, i-polonium kufanele ivalwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuvikelwe umsebenzisi. Isici siphinde sisetshenziswe njengomthombo we-photothermal we-thermoelectricity kuma-satellites nakweminye imikhumbi-mkhathi, lokhu kuyisici esithakazelisayo umlando wososayensi besifazane.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ipolonium ibola ngokushesha, ikhiphe amandla amaningi njengokushisa kule nqubo. Ngokusho kweRoyal Society of Chemistry, igremu elilodwa kuphela likapholoni elifinyelela izinga lokushisa elingu-500 degrees Celsius (932 degrees Fahrenheit) lapho yehliswe isithunzi.
Ibhomu le-athomu
Maphakathi neMpi Yezwe II, i-Army Corps of Engineers yaqala ukuhlela i-Manhattan District of Engineers, uhlelo oluyimfihlo yocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa olwaluzogcina lukhiqize izikhali zenuzi zokuqala emhlabeni.
Ngaphambi kwawo-1940, sasingekho isizathu sokuyihlukanisa ihlanzekile noma ikhiqizwe ngobuningi ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwakungaziwa futhi kuncane kakhulu okwakwaziwa ngakho. Kodwa onjiniyela besifunda baqala ukufunda i-polonium, eyaba isithako esibalulekile ezikhalini zabo zenuzi. Ngokusho kwe-Atomic Heritage Foundation, inhlanganisela ye-polonium nenye into eyivelakancane, i-beryllium, iqale ibhomu. Ngemva kwempi, uhlelo lokucwaninga nge-polonium lwadluliselwa e-Mound Laboratory eMiamisburg, e-Ohio. Yaqedwa ngo-1949, i-Mound Lab yaba isikhungo sokuqala esihlala unomphela seKhomishini Yamandla E-Atomic sokwakhiwa kwezikhali zenuzi.
ubuthi be-polonium
I-Polonium inobuthi kubantu, ngisho namanani amancane kakhulu. Umuntu wokuqala owabulawa ubuthi be-polonium cishe kwakuyindodakazi kaMarie Curie, u-Irene Joriot-Curie.
Ngo-1946, i-polonium capsule yaqhuma ebhentshini lakhe laselabhu, okungenzeka ukuthi yimbangela yokuba abe ne-leukemia futhi wafa eminyakeni eyi-10 kamuva. I-Polonium poisoning nayo yabangela ukufa kuka-Alexander Litvinenko, owayeyinhloli yaseRussia owayehlala eLondon ngo-2006 ngemva kokufaka isicelo sokukhoseliswa kwezombusazwe.
Kuphinde kwasolwa ubuthi ekufeni komholi wasePalestine u-Yasser Arafat ngo-2004, ngesikhathi kutholakala izinga eliphezulu ngendlela eshaqisayo ye-polonium-210 engutsheni yakhe, kubika i-Wall Street Journal.