Amamephu kanye ne-cartography bekungacaci kahle njenganamuhla. Ngaphambi kokuthuthukiswa kwe-cartography yesimanje, amashadi e-portolan ayeyinto yokuqala esetshenziselwa ukuhamba. Lokhu kwabizwa portulan. Lawa mashadi okuzulazula abaluleka kakhulu ngekhulu le-14 nele-15 uma kubhekwa ukuhlobana kwawo kwezohwebo. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngokubaluleka kwe-cartography, ungabheka lesi sihloko amamephu we-synoptic.
Kule ndatshana sizochaza ukuthi yini i-portulan nokuthi kwakubaluleke ngani esikhathini esedlule.
Yini i-portulan
Lawa amamephu okuzulazula ayekhona ezikhathini zasendulo futhi anikeza umfutho omkhulu ekuhwebeni. Ngaphandle kwamasathelayithi e-GPS afana nalawa esinawo namuhla, ukuzulazula bekuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ukuze kuthuthwe impahla isuka kwenye indawo iye kwenye, ihlukaniswe ulwandle, imizila yasolwandle esheshayo kwakufanele yaziwe; Konke lokhu kwenziwa kwaba lula ngokuba khona kwamashadi e-portolan.
Ikakhulukazi oLwandle iMedithera, ukuba khona kwamashadi e-portolan Kwakuyisihluthulelo sempumelelo, njengoba kwakuvumela amatilosi ukuba aziqondise ngokusebenzisa ikhampasi. kanye nokukwazi ukuthola ibanga eliphakathi kwamachweba nezimpawu ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngalezi zakhiwo kwakwenzeka ukuthi kwandiswe ezohwebo ngokushesha okukhulu.
Uma sibheka ishadi le-portolan, sibona ukuthi libukeka njengemephu evamile, yansuku zonke. Nokho, siyabona ukuthi inomehluko obalulekile. Esokuqala siwukuthi esikhundleni sokufana nama-meridians, anegridi ehlanganisa izikhombisi-ndlela ezihlukene ezimakwe nge-rose yekhampasi. Ukwethulwa kokufana nama-meridians kufike kamuva ngokwethulwa kwezithombe zamabalazwe zesimanje.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, yize kuyimephu yesikali, amabanga akhonjiswa kumaligi. Uma ufuna ukujula kulesi sihloko, ungafunda mayelana ibalazwe lokuqala elaziwayo nokubaluleka kwalo ngokomlando.
Izici eziyinhloko
Lawa mamephu amadala anomdwebo wogu lapho amachweba atholakala ngokwethembeka ngangokunokwenzeka eqinisweni. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi uma ubhekisisa uyabona ukuthi izingozi zasogwini zinehaba kanjani. Nokho, lokhu kwenziwa ngenhloso ukuze kuxwayiswe imikhumbi futhi kuyikhuthaze ukuba iqaphe lapho isondela ogwini. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngezimo zezulu nokuthi zikuthinta kanjani ukuzulazula, ungavakashela Morning Glory amafu.
Esinye isici samashadi e-portolan ukuthi izakhi ezihlukahlukene zokuhlobisa zengezwe ekwakhiweni okuhlinzeka ngolwazi lwendawo, ezombusazwe, zomlando kanye nesayensi. Ngokwesibonelo, kube nezikhathi lapho ubungabona ezinye izindawo ezingazange zihlolwe. Abadwebi bamabalazwe bakwenza lokhu ngokusekelwe ezinkolelweni zabo nasemibonweni yezazi zangaleso sikhathi. Okusho ukuthi, kungaba khona amazwe afakwe eshadini le-portolan ngaphandle kokuthi abe khona.
Lawa mashadi e-portolan ayengamibhalo yamakhulu eminyaka enenani elikhulu lamaqhinga nezomnotho. Kuhle ukuthi izigebengu zithole izindawo zokuhlasela noma ingcebo efihliwe. Zazibhekwa njengezinto ezihlonishwayo futhi zaziswa kakhulu ngenxa yokumangalisa kwazo nobuhle bazo kunenani lazo le-cartographic. Njengoba bekulindelekile, bebenganembile ngo-100%, ngakho inani lazo le-cartographic lehle kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa namamephu anamuhla.
Izinhlobo ze-portulan
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamashadi e-portolan ngokuya ngemvelaphi yawo yendawo. Ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu amakhulu ngokusho lapho enziwa khona: sinamashadi e-portolan yesiNtaliyane, i-Mallorcan ne-Portuguese. Ake sizihlaziye ngayinye ngayinye futhi sifunde zonke izici zazo.
I-Italian Portulan
Yizo lezo ezenziwe ikakhulukazi eGenoa, eVenice naseRoma. Lawa ngamashadi ezindala kunawo wonke okugcina izinto asagcinwe kuNational Library yaseParis. Ishadi lokuzula elidala kunawo wonke libizwa ngePisan Chart. Abanye abantu base-Italy abadumile kakhulu Incwadi kaCarignano (namuhla ayikatholakali, ilahlekile), kanye namanye amashadi e-portolan enziwe yiGenoese Pietro Vesconte, Beccario, Francisco Pizigano, Canepa kanye nabazalwane baseBenincasa. Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi amamephu ahlobana kanjani nenkundla kazibuthe, ungafunda mayelana insimu kazibuthe yomhlaba.
AmaPortugal aseMajorcan
Lawa ma-portulan afaka ezinye izinto ezintsha ezifana namashadi we-nautical-geographical ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwe-Majorcan Jewish UCresques Abraham. Umsebenzi owaziwa kakhulu walo mJuda kwakuyibalazwe lomhlaba eladwetshwa ngo-1375. Kuyafaneleka ukucabangela ukufaneleka kokwenza imephu yomhlaba esikhathini lapho amasathelayithi okwenziwa ayengekho futhi ucwaningo lwalungenziwa ngobuchwepheshe obufanayo esinabo namuhla.
Leli balazwe lomhlaba lenziwa ematafuleni angu-12 avulekelana ngomqulu. Lelo mephu manje ligcinwe eMtatsheni Wezincwadi Kazwelonke waseParis. Kungokokuqala ukuthi inqwaba yolwazi olukhona mayelana namazwekazi, ikakhulukazi i-Asia, olufinyelele e-Europe ngenxa yabahloli bamazwe abafana noMarco Polo, Jordanus, nabanye, lukwazi ukuthunjwa.
AmaPortugal asePortugal
Lawa mashadi e-portolan athuthukiswa ngokususelwa kumaMajorcan. Zahlala isikhathi esifushane ngaphambi kokuba zingasebenzi lapho okwatholwa amatilosi aseSpain namaPutukezi kudinga izidingo ezinkulu kunalezi zamashadi amadala ase-portolan manje.
Phakathi nalesi sikhathi somlando, amanye amashadi e-portolan nawo athuthukiswa phakathi kwezwe lama-Arab. Lezi zincwadi zazigxile kakhulu oLwandle LwaseMedithera. Kwenye yazo, eyaba enye yezindawo ezidume kakhulu, ezinye izindawo zaseMelika ezisanda kutholwa ngaleso sikhathi zizomelelwa. Sikhuluma ngemephu yePiri Reis ngo-1513 (khumbula ukuthi iMelika yatholwa nguChristopher Columbus ngo-1492). Leli shadi le-portolan lihlanganisa nezindawo ezithile ebezingakahlolisiswa kodwa ezichazwe ngokunemba okumangalisayo.
Ukuba wusizo kwalawa mabalazwe kulele ekunikezeni okuthile ukusebenza kwekhampasi. Lapho uzulazula, kubalulekile ukwazi isiqondiso oya ngaso, kodwa okubaluleke nakakhulu ukwazi indawo oya kuyo. Singaziqondisa ngokuma kwekhampasi ukuze sazi ukuthi sikuphi noma siphokophele ngakuphi. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwekhampasi neshadi le-portolan yikho okwenze amatilosi akwazi ukufinyelela lapho ayeya khona.
Njengoba ubona, ishadi le-portolan lasiza kakhulu ukuthuthukisa ukuhweba ngaleso sikhathi. Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nalawa mamephu we-cartographic.