Indlela enesifiso sokusiza izilwane nezitshalo ukuzivumelanisa nenkinga ekhulisa abantu shintsha i-DNA yakho ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nokufudumala komhlaba. Yilokhu kanye okwenziwa abacwaningi baseNyuvesi yaseFlorida ngezinkomo.
Lezi zilwane ziwusizo olukhulu esintwini, ngakho-ke kuvela ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zizoqhubeka zikhona.
Njengoba nje ohlotsheni olulodwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isilwane noma isitshalo, kungase kube nezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kunjalo nangezinkomo. Ngakho-ke, ithimba labacwaningi, kuhlanganise noSolwazi Raluca Mateescu woMnyango Wesayensi Yezilwane e-University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, i-UF/IFAS Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. inkomo ye-brangus, okuyinto ebekezelela ukushisa. Lesi yisiphambano phakathi kwezinhlobo ze-Angus neBrahman.
Ukuze benze kanjalo, bathole isibonelelo seminyaka emithathu sikahulumeni ngo- $ 733. Ngayo, bazokwazi ukulandelela izingxenye ze-DNA zezinhlobo ezimbili, ezizobasiza ukuthi bazi iziphi izifunda ze-DNA ezibalulekile ekulawuleni izinga lokushisa komzimba wesilwane, ngokusho kukaMateescu.
Cishe ama-40% wezinkomo zenyama emhlabeni zitholakala e-United States. Ukuze kutholakale izilwane ezijwayele kangcono izimo zokuphila ezifudumele futhi zibe nenyama esezingeni elingcono, abacwaningi bafuna ukuphenya ngokuhamba kwesikhathi besebenzisa amathuluzi we-genomic ukuthi bangawenza kanjani abe nokubekezelela okukhulu ukucindezela kokushisa. Lokhu kuba yisisekelo uma sicabangela lokho Ukufuywa kwemfuyo kunomthelela omkhulu emvelweni futhi iwukhiye ezindabeni ezifana nalezi ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwenyama.
Lolu ucwaningo ngokungangabazeki ukuthi, emazwini ka-Mateescu, "unikeza indlela entsha enamandla yokubhekana nezinselele zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuthuthukisa imfuyo ehlakaniphile, ekhiqizayo." Kodwa ucabangani ngofuzo lwezilwane? Ukuze ungene ujule esihlokweni, ungabonisana yini i-CRISPR.
Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe, chofoza lapha.
Izimbangela zengcindezi yokushisa ezinkomeni
Enye yezinkinga abalimi ababhekana nazo ekukhiqizweni kobisi ukuthi izinkomo ziba nengcindezi ehlobene nokushisa lapho zibekwe emazingeni aphezulu okushisa isikhathi eside. Lokhu hhayi kuphela kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kobisi yalezi zilwane, kodwa futhi kuthinta kabi inhlalakahle yazo nokuzala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kubhekwa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, le nkinga kulindeleke ukuba ibe yimbi kakhulu esikhathini esizayo njengoba amazinga okushisa embulunga yonke ekhuphuka.
Ukushisa ngokweqile kuyisici esibalulekile ekunciphiseni ukukhiqizwa kwamaprotheni ezilwane kanye kuthinta kabi impilo kanye nenhlalakahle yemfuyo ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo. Ezindaweni ezishisayo, izilwane nazo zingase zibonise ukumelana nezifo eziphansi. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa amasu athuthukisa ukuqina kwezinkomo lapho zibhekene nalezi zimo ezimbi.
Amasu okuguqulwa kofuzo lwezinkomo
Ukuze kubhekwane nenselele yokucindezeleka kokushisa, ososayensi sebeqalile ukuhlola izindlela ezingajwayelekile, okungukuthi ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ngokusebenzisa I-CRISPR-Cas9, ithuluzi elivumela i-DNA yezinto eziphilayo ukuba ishintshwe ngokunembile. Besebenzisa le nqubo, abacwaningi bafuna ukuguqula lezi zilwane zibe “izinkomo ezinhle kakhulu” ezimelana namazinga okushisa aphakeme.
Elinye lamasu asetshenziswayo ukulungisa umbala woboya bezinkomo, ngokusekelwe embonweni wokuthi i-pigment enombala okhanyayo imunca ukushisa okuncane kunamabala amnyama. Ukwenza lokhu, i-CRISPR yasetshenziselwa ukuguqula isakhi sofuzo esihlobene nemibala ebizwa ngokuthi i-PMEL. Le nqubo yenziwa emibungu yenkomo elabhorethri, ikhiqiza izilwane ezinombala oyisiliva, ovamile wezinye izibonelo, ngokuphambene nombala ojwayelekile omnyama noma onsundu.
Kuyafaneleka ukubalula ukuthi le mibungu eshintshiwe yahlanganiswa futhi yafakwa komama abaningi bezinkomo. Kodwa-ke, njengoba inqubo ye-cloning iyingozi kakhulu futhi ingaveza ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa, ekuzalweni okubili okuphumelelayo izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zashona ngemva nje kwalokho. Lolu hlobo lwemiphumela luhlobene nemiphumela yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke kanye nobudlelwano bayo ne impilo yezemvelo.
Ekugcineni, elinye isu elisetshenziswa ososayensi kungaba, ngokusebenzisa ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, ukukhiqiza izinkomo ezinejazi elifushane nelicolekile elingakwazi ukukhiqiza izinkomo. qeda ukushisa ngokushesha okukhulu. Lokhu, kuhlangene nempumelelo engaba khona yokuguqulwa kombala, kuzodala lezi "zinkomo ezinkulu" ezikwazi ukunciphisa amazinga okushisa aphezulu.
Umthelela wemfuyo ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu
Ukufuywa kwemfuyo akugcini nje ngokubhekana nezinselelo ekukhiqizeni nasekuphileni kahle kwezilwane, kodwa futhi kunomthelela omkhulu emvelweni ngokukhishwa kwe amagesi abamba ukushisa. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukufuywa kwemfuyo kuyimbangela ecishe ibe yi-14% yazo zonke izisi ezingcolisa umoya. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, cishe ama-40% amandla okufudumala kwembulunga yonke kwemfuyo kwenzeka ngendlela i-methane, igesi ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokugayeka kokudla ezitsheni.
Lesi simo siphakamisa inkinga ebalulekile: ingabe kuyafaneleka ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo izilwane ngenjongo yomuntu? Ingabe kuwumsebenzi wethu ukushintsha izakhi zofuzo izilwane ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu esikubangele thina ngokwethu? Le ndaba yezimiso zokuziphatha ibalulekile uma kucatshangelwa ukushintshwa kwezakhi zofuzo zezilwane, ikakhulukazi uma kucatshangelwa lokho ukukhishwa kwemethane kungase kuthinte impumelelo eyenziwe ekulweni nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinkomo ezine-methane ephansi
Indlela ethembisayo yokunciphisa umthelela wemvelo wemfuyo ukukhetha izakhi zofuzo ezizalela izinkomo ezikhipha i-methane encane. Olunye ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi phakathi kwezilwane ezinobukhulu obufanayo kanye nokudla okufanayo, kungaba khona ukuhlukahluka ekukhiqizeni i-methane kusuka ku-30% kuya ku-40%. Leli qiniso libonisa ukuthi Inzalo enemethane ephansi ingathuthukiswa, ngaleyo ndlela inikeze isisombululo esimeme esingazuzisa kokubili abakhiqizi nendawo ezungezile.
Ngalo mqondo, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-DNA kanye nokukhethwa kwabantu abanezimpawu zofuzo ezinhle kungase kube ukhiye ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwe-methane. Le ndlela iphinde yengeze ku- izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokudla nokuphatha imfuyo, okuhlanganisa nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imfuyo inempilo futhi yondlekile, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ngekhilogremu yenyama noma ilitha lobisi. Lezi zindlela zibalulekile uma kubhekwa umthelela wokufuya endaweni ezungezile.
Indima yokudla ekukhiqizeni i-methane
Ukondla nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-methane yimfuyo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile zokudla zingashintsha ukukhiqizwa kwegesi, futhi ukufakwa kwezithasiselo ezithile ekudleni kungashintsha. ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-methane. Abanye abakhiqizi sebeqalile ukuhlanganisa izimila zasolwandle ekudleni kwezinkomo zabo, njengoba ezinye izinhlobo zikhonjiswe ukuthi zehlisa ukukhishwa kwe-methane ngaphezu kwama-30%.
I-algae ebomvu I-Asparagopsis taxiformis, isibonelo, ibonise imiphumela ethembisayo ezifundweni zakamuva. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela iphinde idale inkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nokuphepha kanye nokusimama kwayo, okwenza kudingeke ucwaningo oluqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi esimweni lapho ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuthinta ukukhiqizwa kokudla.
Ezinye izinhlelo zokunciphisa i-methane emfuyweni
Ngaphezu kokuguqulwa kofuzo kanye nokudla, kunezinye izinhlelo eziqhubekayo zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-methane emfuyweni. Enye indlela ihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwe ukugoma engasiza ukulawula inani lezinambuzane ezincane ku-rumen ezibhekele ukukhiqizwa kwe-methane. Nakuba le ndlela isesigabeni sokuthuthuka, inamandla okunikeza isisombululo esihlala njalo kule nkinga.
Abacwaningi nabo bayasebenza izithasiselo zokudla okungase kuguqule i-microbial flora ku-rumen of ruminants, engahumushela ekukhiqizeni okuphansi kwe-methane. Ukwenza kanjalo akuzuzisa imvelo kuphela, kodwa futhi nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kobisi nokukhiqizwa kwenyama, okubalulekile ekulweni nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Amathemba esikhathi esizayo ekuziphatheni kofuzo kwezinkomo
Ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, kuhlangene nokulima okusimeme kanye nezinqubo zokuphakela, kunamandla okuguqula imboni yemfuyo ibe yimodeli enomthwalo wemfanelo wemvelo nempilo yezilwane. Sebenza ekuguquleni izakhi zofuzo izinkomo ukwandisa ukumelana nokushisa nokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwazo kwe-methane akuhlosile nje ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwezilwane kodwa nokuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kokudla esimweni sezulu esishintshayo. Ekugcineni, umgomo uwukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kokudla okusimeme nokuqhubekayo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
