Umkhathi wethu une izingqimba ezahlukene lapho kukhona khona amagesi ahlukene ezakhiwayo ezahlukahlukene. Isendlalelo ngasinye somkhathi sinomsebenzi waso kanye nezici zaso eziwenza wehluke kokunye.
Sine i-troposphere okuyisendlalelo somkhathi esihlala kuwo lapho kwenzeka khona zonke izimo zezulu, i-stratosphere okuyisendlalelo sendawo lapho ungqimba lwe-ozone lutholakala khona, i-mesosphere lapho izibani ezisenyakatho zenzeka khona futhi i-thermosphere lokho kungqonge emkhathini futhi lapho izinga lokushisa liphakeme kakhulu. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizogxila kwi-stratosphere kanye nokubaluleka kwayo empilweni emhlabeni.
Izici ze-Stratosphere
I-stratosphere isendaweni ephakeme ye- cishe nge-10-15 km ukuphakama futhi ifinyelela cishe ku-45-50 km. Ukushisa ku-stratosphere kuyahluka ngale ndlela elandelayo: okokuqala, kuqala ukuzinza (ngoba kutholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme eziseduze ne-tropopause lapho izinga lokushisa lihlala lilingana) futhi liphansi impela. Njengoba sikhuphuka phezulu, izinga lokushisa kwe-stratosphere liyakhula, njengoba limunca imisebe yelanga eyengeziwe. Ukuziphatha kwamazinga okushisa ku-troposphere kusebenza ngokungafani nalokho okwenziwa yi-troposphere esihlala kuyo, okungukuthi, esikhundleni sokwehla ngobude, kuyanda.
Ku-stratosphere akukho ukunyakaza okuqondile mpo komoya, kepha imimoya evundlile ingafinyelela kaningi ku-200 km / h. Inkinga ngalo moya ukuthi noma iyiphi into efinyelela ku-stratosphere isakazeka kuyo yonke iplanethi. Isibonelo salokhu ama-CFC. Lawa magesi akhiwe nge-chlorine ne-fluorine aqeda ungqimba lwe-ozone futhi asakazeka kuyo yonke iplanethi ngenxa yemimoya enamandla evela e-stratosphere.
Awekho neze amafu noma okunye ukwakheka kwesimo sezulu ku-stratosphere. Kwesinye isikhathi abantu badida ukunyuka kwamazinga okushisa ku-stratosphere nokusondela kwayo eLangeni. Kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi lapho usondelana neLanga, liyoshisa kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, akunjalo, ngoba ku-stratosphere singathola ungqimba lwe-ozone oludumile. Isendlalelo se-ozone ngokwaso akuyona "ungqimba", kepha siyindawo yomkhathi lapho ukugxila kwaleli gesi kuphakeme kakhulu kunasemkhathini wonke. Ama-molecule e-ozone anesibopho sokumunca imisebe yelanga esishaya ngqo kusuka eLangeni futhi evumela impilo eMhlabeni. Lawa ma-molecule amunca imisebe yelanga e-ultraviolet aguqula lawo mandla abe ngukushisa, ngakho-ke, yingakho izinga lokushisa kwe-stratosphere landa ngobude.
Ngoba kukhona isikhathi esinqabile lapho umoya uzinze khona kakhulu futhi kungekho imisinga yomoya, ukushintshaniswa kwezinhlayiya phakathi kwe-troposphere ne-stratosphere kucishe kube zero. Ngalesi sizathu awukho umhwamuko wamanzi ku-stratosphere. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amafu akwi-stratosphere enza kuphela uma kubanda kakhulu kangangokuba inani elincane lamanzi akhona liyajiya futhi lakhe amakristalu eqhwa. Abizwa ngokuthi amafu e-ice crystal futhi awabangeli mvula.
Ekupheleni kwe-stratosphere yi-stratopause. Kuyindawo yomkhathi lapho ukuminyana okuphezulu kwe-ozone kuyaphela futhi izinga lokushisa liba eliqinile kakhulu (cishe 0 degrees centigrade). I-stratopause iyona enikeza indlela kwi-mesosphere.
Njengelukuluku, izinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali kuphela eziphila isikhathi eside yilezo ezingafinyelela ku-stratosphere. Manje, uma sebelapho, bangahlala isikhathi eside. Ngokwesibonelo, izinto ezikhishwe ezinkulu Ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo Bayakwazi ukuhlala ku-stratosphere cishe iminyaka emibili.
Ungqimba lwe-ozone
Ungqimba lwe-ozone ayihlali njalo inamanani afanayo alo gesi kude nayo. Ku-stratosphere, i-ozone yakhiwa ngokuqhubekayo futhi ibhujiswe ngasikhathi sinye. Ukuze i-ozone yakheke, imisebe yelanga kufanele yehlukanise i-molecule ye-oxygen (O2) ibe ama-athomu amabili e-oxygen (O). Elinye lalawa ma-athomu lapho lihlangana nelinye i-molecule yomoya-mpilo liphendula lenze i-ozone (O3).
Yile ndlela okwakhiwa ngayo ama-molecule e-ozone. Kodwa-ke, ngokwemvelo, njengoba zidaliwe, zibhujiswa yimisebe yelanga. Imisebe yelanga ishaya ingqamuzana le-ozone futhi iphinde ilibhubhise ukuze kwakhiwe ingqamuzana lomoya-mpilo (O2) ne-athomu lomoya-mpilo (O). Manje i-athomu yomoya-mpilo isabela nenye i-ozone molecule yakhe ama-molecule amabili omoya-mpilo, nokunye. Kungumjikelezo wemvelo olingana phakathi kokwakheka nokubhujiswa kwama-athomu e-ozone. Ngale ndlela, lolu ngqimba lwamagesi lungamunca inani elikhulu lemisebe ye-ultraviolet eyingozi futhi lusivikele.
Lokhu bekunesikhathi eside kwenzeka. Umjikelezo lapho ukuhlushwa kwe-ozone kugcinwa khona ekugxileni okuzinzile nokuhlala njalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, kunenye indlela yokwehlela ku-ozone esemkhathini. AmaChlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) zizinzile kakhulu emkhathini ngakho-ke zingafinyelela ku-stratosphere. Lawa magesi anempilo ende, kepha lapho efika ku-stratosphere, imisebe ye-ultraviolet evela eLangeni ibhubhisa ama-molecule, ikhiphe ama-chlorine radicals asebenza kahle kakhulu. Lawa ma-radicals asebenzayo abulala ama-molecule e-ozone, ngakho-ke inani eliphelele le-ozone elibhujisiwe likhulu kakhulu kunalelo elenziwe. Ngale ndlela ibhalansi phakathi kokukhiqizwa nokubhujiswa kwama-molecule e-ozone akwazi ukumunca imisebe yelanga eyingozi kithi yephuliwe.
Imiphumela yomgodi kusendlalelo lwe-ozone
Ngeshwa, esikhathini esidlule lolu daba belwaziwa ngemininingwane enjalo, ngakho-ke imisebenzi yabantu (ukusetshenziswa kwe-chlorofluorocarbon aerosols) ikwazile ukufinyelela ku-stratosphere. amanani amakhulu e-chlorine ne-bromine aqeda ama-molecule e-ozone. Ngenxa yokuthi ukusabela kudinga ukukhanya nokwakheka kwamafu asezindaweni ezishisayo emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu, amazinga e-ozone aphansi kakhulu kwenzeka entwasahlobo yase-Antarctic, futhi imbobo ye-ozone yakha ikakhulukazi phezu kwe-Antarctica. Lezi zimbobo ze-ozone zivumela imisebe ye-ultraviolet eyengeziwe ukuthi ifinyelele emhlabeni futhi isheshise ukuncibilika kweqhwa, okuhlobene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Kubantu, ukwehliswa kocingo lwe-ozone kubangele ukwanda kwesifo somdlavuza wesikhumba ngenxa yenani elikhulu lemisebe yelanga efinyelela kithi. Izitshalo nazo ziyathinteka, ikakhulukazi lezo ezikhulayo futhi ezineziqu namaqabunga amancane.
Imiphumela yezindiza ku-stratosphere
Izindiza ziphinde zahlangabezana nezigameko ku-stratosphere, njengoba zivame ukundiza ezindaweni eziphakeme phakathi kuka-10 no-12 km, okungukuthi, eduze kwe-tropopause nasekuqaleni kwe-stratosphere. Njengoba ukuhamba komoya kwanda, ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide (CO2), umhwamuko wamanzi (H2O), ama-nitrogen oxides (NOx), ama-sulphur oxides (SOx) kanye nensiza emkhathini phakathi kwe-troposphere engenhla kanye ne-stratosphere ephansi kuye kwanda.
Namuhla, izindiza zibanga kuphela phakathi kuka-2 no-3% wokukhishwa komhlaba okushisa ukushisa. Lokhu akubalulekile kakhulu mayelana nokushisa komhlaba nakho. Nokho, okubaluleke ngempela ngezindiza ukuthi amagesi eziwakhiphayo enza kanjalo engxenyeni engenhla ye-troposphere. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi umhwamuko wamanzi okhishiwe ukhuphule amathuba okwakha amafu e-cirrus, agcina ukushisa okwengeziwe Emhlabeni futhi abe nomthelela ekufudumaleni komhlaba.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-nitrogen oxide akhishwa yizindiza nawo ayingozi, ngoba ahlobene nokunyamalala kwe-ozone kuyi-stratosphere. Kufanele sicabange ukuthi yize amagesi abamba ukushisa akhishwa yizindiza engenayo impilo ende kakhulu ukufinyelela ku-stratosphere, angakwenza lokho, ngoba akhishwa endaweni ephakeme kakhulu eduze kwawo.
Izintshisakalo zeStratosphere
Lolu ungqimba lomkhathi lunezifiso ezithile ezingasimangaza. Phakathi kwalezo zilangazelelo kukhona:
- Ukuminyana komoya ingaphansi ngo-10% ukuthi ebusweni bomhlaba
- Amazinga okushisa ezingqimbeni ezingezansi aseduze -56 degrees ngokwesilinganiso futhi imisinga yomoya ifinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-200 ngehora.
- Kunemibiko eqinisekisa ubukhona bezinto ezincane ezincane uhlala e-stratosphere. Lezi zinambuzane kukholakala ukuthi zivela emkhathini. Yizinhlamvu zebhaktheriya, izinto eziphikisana kakhulu nezingakha ungqimba oluvikelayo okuzungezile ngakho-ke zisinde emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ezimeni ezomile nasemazingeni aphezulu emisebe etholakala ku-stratosphere.
Njengoba ubona, umkhathi unemisebenzi ebalulekile kithi kanye nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo ezihlala emhlabeni wethu. I-stratosphere iqukethe okuthile okudingekayo ukuze siphile nokuthi, nakuba ingamakhilomitha ukuphakama, kufanele siyivikele.
