La ukudluliselwa kwemisebe ye-infrared ehlanganisiwe Kungenye yalezo zihloko, uma uzibuka okokuqala, ezibonakala zifana nezingavamile, kodwa empeleni ziyimbangela yendlela esiqonda ngayo iNdalo Yonke. Njalo lapho silinganisa ukukhanya okuvela enkanyezini, emthaleni, noma eLangeni uqobo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusetshenziswa izindawo zokubukela ezisemhlabeni noma izibonakude zasemkhathiniSifunda umlayezo obhalwe ngobuningi, umbala… kanye nokwehlukanisa. Lokhu kwehlukanisa, ikakhulukazi ku-infrared, kuzwela kakhulu emasimini kazibuthe kanye nezimo zama-plasma e-astrophysical, okwenza kube ithuluzi lokuxilonga elinamandla kakhulu.
Ku-astrophysics yanamuhla, imisebe epholishiwe Akuyona nje into eyengeziwe, kodwa iyingxenye ebalulekile yokuqonda umsebenzi wamagnetic ezindaweni ezizungezile zezinkanyezi, ezimbozweni ze-circumstellar, ezinkanyezini zeplanethi, futhi, ngokuvamile, noma iyiphi i-plasma ene-magnetized. Ithiyori yokudluliselwa kwemisebe ngaphandle kokuthatha ukulingana kwe-thermodynamic yendawo, kuhlanganiswe nencazelo ye-quantum yokusebenzisana kwemisebe nezinto, iyisisekelo sokuhumusha ukubonwa kwe-spectropolarimetric okunembe kakhulu futhi okuyinkimbinkimbi.
Amasimu kazibuthe kanye nokwahlukana kwama-plasma e-astrophysical
Cishe kuzo zonke izindawo ezifanele ze-astrophysical, Amasimu amagnetic agcwele i-plasma futhi zilawula ingxenye enkulu ye-dynamics yazo. Zivela ezinkanyezini kulo lonke umdwebo we-Hertzsprung-Russell, emithalazweni ejikelezayo neye-elliptical, ezindaweni ezakha izinkanyezi, ezinsaleleni ze-supernova, ngisho, kancane kancane, endaweni ephakathi kwemithala. Ukuba khona kwazo kuthinta ukuzinza, ukukhiqizwa kwamagagasi, izinqubo zokuthutha amandla, kanye, nemisebe esiyibukayo.
Lo msebe, uma udlula noma ukhiqizwa ku-plasma ene-magnetized, ungavela ngezinga elithile ukuhlukaniswa okuqondile noma okuyisiyingiLokhu kuhlukaniswa kuqukethe ulwazi oluqondile mayelana nokuqina kanye ne-geometry yensimu yamagnetic, kanye nezimo zomzimba zendawo: ubuningi, izinga lokushisa, izinga le-ionization, i-anisotropy yensimu yemisebe, ngisho nokuba khona kwamasimu kagesi. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlukaniswa kuyisignali ethembeke kakhulu yokuzwa kude kwe-magnetism ku-astrophysics, ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisukela eLangeni kuya kuma-galaxy akude.
Indaba yeLanga iyamangalisa kakhulu: umsebenzi we-magnetic welanga Amachashazi elanga, ama-flare, ama-prominence, kanye nokukhishwa kwe-coronal mass kulawulwa amasimu kazibuthe asukela emashumini kuya ezinkulungwaneni zama-gauss. I-Polarization emigqeni ye-spectral, ebonakalayo kanye ne-infrared, isenza sikwazi ukwakha kabusha ukwakheka kwala masimu ku-photosphere, i-chromosphere, kanye ne-corona ephansi, okuyisisekelo sokuqonda imijikelezo yelanga, iziphepho ze-geomagnetic, kanye nomthelela wazo esimweni sezulu sasemkhathini.
Kwezinye izimo, njengezimvilophu ze-circumstellar noma ama-nebulae eplanethi, inhlanganisela yemisebe e-polarized kanye namamodeli okudlulisa imisebe ye-infrared kusiza ekutadisheni imimoya yezinkanyezi, ukushayisana, kanye nezakhiwo ezinobukhulu obuthathuUkuqondiswa okuthandwayo kwe izinhlungu zothuli futhi ukusebenzisana kwazo namasimu kazibuthe nakho kushiya uphawu olucacile olunezimbobo, olungahlaziywa ngamamodeli afanele.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-polarization kuma-plasma amancane kakhulu, anesisindo esiphansi ivumela ukuhlolwa kwe- amasimu kazibuthe abuthakathaka kakhuluKusukela kuma-microgausses kuya kuma-gausses ambalwa, ububanzi obungafinyeleleki ngamasu asekelwe ekuqineni kuphela. Lokhu kuzwela kungenye yezizathu zokuthi ukudluliselwa kwemisebe okuhlanganisiwe kube ithuluzi elingenakuphikwa ku-astrophysics.
Izindlela zomzimba ezikhiqiza i-polarisation emisebeni
Ukukhanya kungahlukaniswa ngezizathu eziningi, futhi ukuze uthole okuningi kulwazi, udinga ukuluqonda kahle. izindlela ezibonakalayo ezibangela lokhu kwahlukanaNgale komphumela we-Zeeman owaziwayo, kuhileleke izinqubo ze-quantum ezicashile ezidinga ukwelashwa okuningiliziwe kwamazinga e-athomu nama-molecule, kanye ne-geometry yemisebe yesigameko, okuhlanganisa nezinqubo zokuhlakazeka ezifana Umphumela we-Rayleigh.
Umphumela we-Zeeman mhlawumbe ungowakudala kakhulu: insimu yamagnetic ihlukanisa amazinga wamandla Imigqa ye-spectral ihlukana ibe yizingxenye eziningana ezine-polarization echazwe kahle. Ukuba khona kwe-polarization eyindilinga neqondile kuphrofayela yomugqa kusenza sikwazi ukunquma ubukhali kanye nokuma kwensimu yamagnetic. Kodwa-ke, emasimini abuthakathaka noma emigqeni eyakhiwe ezingqimbeni eziphezulu zomkhathi, umphumela omsulwa we-Zeeman ungase unganeli noma ungawela ngaphansi kokuzwela kwezinsimbi.
Yilapho ezinye izinqubo ziqala khona ukusebenza, njenge ukuhlukaniswa okubangelwa yiphampu yokukhanyaUma insimu yemisebe ye-anisotropic ikhanyisa iqoqo lama-athomu noma ama-molecule, ingakhiqiza ukusatshalaliswa okukhethekile kwenani labantu kanye nokuhambisana phakathi kwamazinga angaphansi kwamagnetic: amazinga aba “ahambisana” noma “aqondiswe ngokwe-quantum.” Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwamazinga e-athomu noma ama-molecule bese kuhunyushwa kube ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebe ekhishwayo noma ehlakazekile, ngisho noma kungekho mandla anamandla amagnetic.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi ukuphazamiseka kwe-quantum phakathi kwamazinga aseduzeKungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihlelekile kahle noma zihlelekile kakhulu, lapho amazinga ahlukene angaphansi enikela ngokuhambisanayo ekwakhiweni komugqa we-spectral noma i-multiplet, kuvela amaphethini e-polarization ahlukile, ikakhulukazi azwela ezimweni ze-plasma zendawo kanye nendawo ekhipha imisebe. Le miphumela ayibanjwa ngokwelashwa kwe-semiclassical futhi idinga ukusetshenziswa kwe-density matrix formalisms.
Enye indlela efanele kakhulu yi- Umphumela we-HanleIndlela ye-Hanle ichaza ukuthi insimu yamagnetic enamandla alinganayo iguqula kanjani i-polarization ekhiqizwa ukuhlakazeka. Iwusizo kakhulu ekuxilongeni amasimu amagnetic ezindaweni lapho indlela ye-Zeeman ingasebenzi kahle, kusukela kuma-microgauss kuya kumashumi noma amakhulu e-gauss, kuye ngokuthi ushintsho lwe-athomu noma lwama-molecule lucatshangelwa. Ngokusebenzisa i-depolarization kanye nokujikeleza kwendiza ye-polarization, indlela ye-Hanle yembula kokubili amandla kanye nokuqondiswa kwensimu.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zindlela—i-Zeeman, i-optical pumping, i-quantum interference, kanye ne-Hanle—kuyimbangela isignali ehlanganisiwe iqukethe ulwazi olucebile kakhulukodwa futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuyichaza. Yingakho kunesidingo senkolelo-mbono ye-polarization enesisekelo esihle kanye namakhodi ezinombolo akwazi ukulingisa ukudluliselwa kwemisebe e-polarized ngaphansi kwezimo ezingokoqobo, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukwenza lula ngokweqile.
Ithiyori ye-quantum yokusebenzisana kwezinto ezisebenzisa imisebe isetshenziswa ekuhlukaniseni
Ukuze umuntu akwazi ukulingisa kahle ukudluliselwa kwemisebe ye-infrared e-polarized, kumelwe adlule umbono wakudala wokukhanya njengegagasi kanye nama-athomu njengama-oscillator alula. Incazelo ye-quantum yokusebenzisana kwezinto ezisebenzisa imisebe Ivumela ukuhlanganiswa okubumbene kwesakhiwo sezinga, amazinga angaphansi kazibuthe kanye nokuhambisana phakathi kwawo, kanye nesenzo esihlangene samasimu kazibuthe kanye nogesi.
Kule ndlela, isimo sohlelo lwe-athomu noma lwama-molecule simelelwa yi- i-density matrixizakhi zazo zichaza inani lamazinga angaphansi kanye nokuhlangana (isigaba esihlobene) phakathi kwazo. Imisebe yesigameko, ngokuvamile i-anisotropic futhi ivame ukuhlukaniswa, ivusa uhlelo, idale futhi ibhubhise ukuhlangana. Ngokulandelayo, isimo se-quantum sohlelo sinquma amathuba okukhishwa noma ukuhlakazeka kwama-photon ane-polarizations ehlukene.
Ukuba khona kwensimu yamagnetic kungenisa amagama engeziwe ezibalweni zokuvela kwe-density matrix, ehlotshaniswa ne- ukuhanjiswa kwezikhathi zamagneticYilo kanye lolu shintsho oludala imiphumela efana nomphumela we-Hanle, lushintsha izinga kanye ne-engeli ye-polarization ekhulayo. Uma kukhona nezinkundla zikagesi ezibalulekile, kuvela ukulungiswa kwe-Stark kanye nokunye ukuphazamiseka, okushiya uphawu lwazo ku-polarization.
Zonke lezi zinqubo zihlanganiswe ku- izibalo zokudlulisa imisebe ezihlanganisiweLezi matrices zichaza ukuvela kwe-Stokes vector (I, Q, U, V) endleleni yemisebe. Ama-matrices okumuncwa kanye nokukhishwa kwawo ancike esimweni se-quantum segesi, esithinteka yimisebe: kuyinkinga ehlangene, engeyona eqondile kakhulu evame ukudinga izindlela zokubala eziphindaphindayo ukuze kutholakale izixazululo ezihambisanayo.
Uma usebenza ku-infrared, ezinye izici ziyasetshenziswa, njengomnikelo onamandla we- ukuguqulwa kwama-molecule kanye nama-vibrorotational bandsngezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zamazinga kuneza-athomu ezihlanzekile. Ukulingisa i-polarization yale migqa ye-infrared kudinga ukwelula i-quantum theory ezinhlelweni ze-polyatomic noma ama-molecule ane-non-zero electronic spin, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukwakheka kwezibalo kanye nokubala kwezinombolo.
Ukuxilongwa kwamasimu kazibuthe elanga kanye nezinkanyezi kusetshenziswa i-polarization
Enye yezinhloso eziyinhloko zokudluliselwa kwemisebe evundlile yi- ukuxilongwa kwe-magnetism emkhathini welangaILanga linikeza ilebhu ekhethekile: singaxazulula izakhiwo ezinhle, silandele ukuvela kwazo kwesikhathi, futhi sibheke kuma-wavelength amaningi, kufaka phakathi i-near-infrared, lapho imigqa eminingi ezwela ngamandla kazibuthe ikhombisa impendulo enamandla emikhakheni yamandla ahlukahlukene.
Ku-photosphere, inhlanganisela yomphumela we-Zeeman kanye nokwahlukana ngokuhlakazeka emigqeni ebucayi kusenza sikwazi ukukala amasimu ezinkulungwane eziningana zama-gauss kuma-sunspot, ezindaweni ezisebenzayo, kanye nezakhi zasensimini kuma-lattice angaphezulu kwe-granular. Imigqa ye-infrared, enezici ze-Landé ezisebenzayo kakhulu, ikhulisa isignali ye-Zeeman futhi yenza kube lula ukutadisha izakhiwo ezibuthakathaka noma ezifihliwe kancane ku-spectrum ebonakalayo.
I-chromosphere kanye nokuguqukela ku-corona kuhlolwa ngemigqa eyakhiwe ezindaweni eziphakeme, lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwephampu ye-optical kanye nomphumela we-Hanle Ziba namandla amakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, amasimu kazibuthe angamashumi ambalwa e-gauss noma ngaphansi angatholakala, ngqo endaweni lapho i-Zeeman kunzima kakhulu ukuyibona khona. Lokhu kuvula umnyango wokufunda izenzakalo ezifana nokwanda kwensimu ibe yi-corona, ukwakheka kwezintambo kanye nokuvelela, kanye negalelo lemagnetism ebuthakathaka ekushiseni komkhathi ongaphezulu.
Kwezinye izinkanyezi, nakuba singenakukwazi ukuxazulula ubuso bazo, amaphrofayili ahlanganisiwe ahlanganisiwe anikeza izinkomba mayelana i-topology yomhlaba wonke yensimu yamagneticUkuba khona kwama-starspot, imijikelezo yomsebenzi welanga ofana nelanga, kanye nesakhiwo sama-envelope ane-magnetized kuyahlaziywa. Ngokuhlanganisa amamodeli okudlulisa imisebe ane-polarized namasu okuguqula, amamephu e-stellar magnetic akhiwa kabusha kusukela kumasignali abuthakathaka kakhulu kodwa anolwazi kakhulu.
Ngale kwezinkanyezi ngazinye, ukuhlukaniswa kokukhanya okuvela kuma-nebulae eplanethi kanye nezimvilophu ze-circumstellar kusenza sikwazi ukutadisha ukugeleza kwezinto, i-geometry enobukhulu obuthathu, kanye nokuqondanisa i-powderImisebe ye-infrared e-polarized iwusizo kakhulu ekuhloleni izinhlungu zothuli olushisayo kanye nezindawo eziminyene lapho ukukhanya okubonakalayo kuncishiswa khona kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela kunikeza umbono ohambisanayo wesakhiwo kanye ne-magnetism ye-interstellar medium.
Kuzo zonke lezi zimo, isihluthulelo ukuxhumanisa ngokuqinile isignali ebonwe namamodeli okuthutha imisebe afaka kahle ukuhlangana phakathi kwemisebe, izinto, kanye nensimu yamagneticNgakho-ke, i-polarization iba “i-thermometer” kanye “nekhampasi” ye-cosmic magnetism, kusukela ezikalini ze-subphotospheric kuya ezakhiweni ze-galactic.
Amasu e-Spectropolarimetric kanye namamodeli angokomzimba okuhumusha
Ukuze usebenzise ulwazi oluqukethwe emisebeni evundlile, udinga ukubonwa kwe-spectropolarimetric kwekhwalithi ephezuluLezi zinsimbi ziyakwazi ukulinganisa ngokunembile amapharamitha amane e-Stokes emigqeni ekhethiwe ye-spectral. Izinsimbi zesimanje zifinyelela ukuzwela kwe-polarization okufika ku-10⁻⁴ uma kuqhathaniswa namandla aphelele, okuvumela ukutholakala kwezibonakaliso ezibuthakathaka kakhulu ezihlobene namasimu amancane kazibuthe noma izakhiwo ezincane.
Ama-spectropolarimeter elanga kanye nezinkanyezi ahlanganisa ama-grating noma ama-etalons ane-resolution ephezulu kanye amamojula okuhlaziya ukuguqulwa kanye nokwahlukanaUkukhanya kudlula kuma-retarders, ama-polarizers, kanye nezinto eziguqulayo ezifaka ulwazi lwe-Stokes ekushintsheni kokuqina okulinganiselwe yi-CCD noma ama-infrared detectors. Ukulinganiswa okufanele kwezinsimbi kubalulekile ukuze kugwenywe ukungcoliswa phakathi kwamapharamitha nokubuyisa ngokunembile isignali yangempela.
Uma ama-spectra ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu esetholakele, incazelo ebonakalayo iyaqala ukusebenza. Lokhu kwenziwa yi- amamodeli okudlulisa imisebe Lezi zindlela zilingisa ukwakheka komugqa ezindaweni ezibunjiwe ngokulungisa amapharamitha afana nokushisa, ubuningi, ijubane, i-microturbulence, kanye, vele, i-magnetic field vector. Umgomo ukuthola ukucushwa okukhiqiza ngasikhathi sinye amaphrofayili e-I, Q, U, kanye ne-V abonwe.
Lo msebenzi uvame ukufinyelelwa yi- amasu okutshala imaliKule ndlela, i-algorithm idlula esikhaleni sepharamitha, ifuna inhlanganisela engcono kakhulu efanelana nedatha. Lokhu kuncike kumamodeli angokwenyama asukela ezimoyeni ezilula ezinobukhulu obulodwa kuya ezakhiweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinobukhulu obuthathu ezithathwe ekulingiseni kwe-magnetohydrodynamic. Uma imodeli ingokoqobo kakhudlwana, kulapho ukwakhiwa kabusha kwensimu yamagnetic kanye nesakhiwo se-plasma kuthembeke kakhudlwana, yize izindleko zokubala nazo zizoba phezulu.
Uma kwenzeka ukubonwa kwe-infrared, ukuhumusha kudinga ukufakwa ukungabonakali kwama-molecule nothuliokungadlala indima evelele. Ukwahlukana okukhiqizwa noma okuguquliwe yizinhlayiya zothuli ezihambisana nensimu yamagnetic kuveza izimpawu ezengeziwe, lapho ziklanywe kahle, ezivumela ukuphenywa kokusatshalaliswa kanye nokuqondiswa kothuli ezindaweni ezakha izinkanyezi kanye nasemithonjeni yezinkanyezi exinene.
Ukuthuthwa kwemisebe ngaphandle kokulingana kwe-thermodynamic yendawo
Ezimweni eziningi zezinkanyezi, kusukela ku-chromosphere yelanga kuya ezimbozweni zezinkanyezi ezinde, ukulingana kwe-thermodynamic yendawo (i-LTE) akukwazi ukucatshangelwaInani lamazinga e-athomu nama-molecular alinikezwa nje ngokusatshalaliswa kwe-Boltzmann ekushiseni kwendawo, kodwa kuncike emisebeni edlula endaweni kanye nasezinqubweni zokushayisana ezingase zingabi njalo.
Kulesi simiso esingeyona i-ETL, izibalo zokudlulisa imisebe kumele zixazululwe zihlanganiswe ne- izibalo zokulingana kwezibalo ngamazinga wamandla. Lokhu sekuvele kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokuqina okuphelele; uma i-polarization nayo ingezwa, ubunzima buyanda kakhulu, njengoba imiphakathi kanye nokuhlangana ku-density matrix kumele kucatshangelwe, kanye nokuncika okuningiliziwe kwe-angular kanye ne-spectral kwemisebe.
Izimo zezulu ezinezinhlangothi ezintathu ezitholakala ekulingiseni kwe-magneto-hydrodynamic zinikeza umbono ongokoqobo kakhulu we- isakhiwo esihle se-plasmaLokhu kufaka phakathi imisinga yamanzi, amagagasi, amashubhu e-magnetic flux, ama-shock, kanye nokushintshashintsha okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa kanye nobuningi. Ukudluliselwa kwemisebe okune-polarized kula mamodeli e-3D kuyinkinga enzima kakhulu, kodwa kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni ngokwethembeka ukubonwa okuphezulu kwendawo kanye nesisombululo se-spectral.
Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, kuthuthukiswe okulandelayo izindlela zezinombolo ezithuthukisiweLezi zindlela zifaka phakathi izinhlelo eziphindaphindayo ezisheshayo, izixazululo ezisemthethweni ezisebenzayo, amasu okulandelela imisebe yejiyometri eyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nama-algorithms ahambisanayo aklanyelwe ukusebenzisa ama-supercomputer. Zivumela ukwelashwa ngasikhathi sinye kwemiphumela yokusabalala, okungeyona i-ETL, i-anisotropy yensimu yemisebe, kanye nokuba khona kwamasimu kazibuthe nakagesi.
Umphumela uba ukuthi namuhla singalingisa, ngemininingwane eminingi, ukuthi imisebe ye-infrared e-polarized yakha kanjani emoyeni wezinkanyezi onezinhlangothi ezintathu kanye nowelanga, okuhlinzeka amathuluzi okuxilonga aqine kakhuluLokhu kuthuthuka kubalulekile ekuchazeni kahle okubonwe yisizukulwane esisha kanye nokugwema ukucwasa okungavela uma kusetshenziswa amamodeli alula kakhulu.
I-atomic kanye ne-molecule spectroscopy kanye ne-spectropolarimetry ku-Astrophysics
Ulwazi oluqukethwe emisebeni evundlile alugcini nje emigqeni ye-athomu ehlukanisiwe. i-athomu kanye ne-molecule spectroscopy kanye ne-spectropolarimetry Zihlanganisa uhla olubanzi lwezinguquko ezivumela ukulandelela izingxenye ezahlukene zama-plasma ezinkanyezi, kusukela ezindaweni ezibandayo nezinama-molecule kuya kuma-plasma ashisayo nane-ionized kakhulu.
Imigqa ye-athomu inikeza ukufinyelela okuqondile ku- okuqukethwe ezintweni zamakhemikhaliesakhiweni esinezingqimba kanye nemiphumela yamandla kazibuthe ngoZeeman noHanle. Ku-infrared, eminingi yale migqa ayithinteki kakhulu yi-photospheric opacity futhi ingakheka ezingqimbeni ezijulile noma ezindaweni ezithile, okunezela ubukhulu obengeziwe ekuxilongweni.
Ama-molecule, ngokwawo, ayazwela amazinga okushisa aphansi kanye nobuningiLezi zibopho nemigqa zivamile ezindaweni ezibandayo, ama-starpots, ama-envelope e-circumstellar, kanye namafu ama-molecule. Ukwehlukaniswa kwezibopho nemigqa yazo kungaveza ukuhambisana kwe-angular momentum, ukusebenzisana namasimu kazibuthe abuthakathaka, kanye nezakhiwo ezincane ezingabonakali ngamandla amsulwa. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ku-infrared, lapho izinguquko ze-vibrorotational zibusa khona i-spectrum.
Ngokuhambisana namamodeli okudlulisa imisebe, i-athomu kanye ne-molecule spectropolarimetry isetshenziswa ku imikhakha eminingi ye-AstrophysicsUcwaningo lwezinkanyezi zezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-spectral, ukuhlukaniswa kwemimoya yezinkanyezi namajethi, ukuhlaziywa kwezindawo ze-nebulae zeplanethi kanye nezindawo ze-H II, kanye nokuhlola indawo ephakathi kwezinkanyezi esakazekile nexinene. Uhlobo ngalunye lokuguquka luhlinzeka "ngesihlungi" esihlukile ku-plasma, okuvumela ukwakhiwa kwesithombe esicebile kakhulu.
Le ndlela yezifundo eziningi, ehlanganisa i-quantum theory, i-polarized radiation, i-magnetohydrodynamic simulations, kanye nokubuka okunembe kakhulu, kungenzeka kuphela ngenxa amaqembu ocwaningo ahlanganisa umsebenzi wethiyori, wokubuka, kanye nowezinsimbiUkuqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa kwezinsimbi ezintsha, kanye namasu okuhlaziya acwengekile, kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukudluliselwa kwemisebe ye-infrared evundlile kuzohlala kuyinsimu esebenzayo kakhulu futhi ebalulekile yokuqonda i-magnetism eNdaweni Yonke.
Lonke lolu hlaka lwethiyori kanye nolokubuka lusiholela esithombeni esiphelele lapho Ukwehlukaniswa kokukhanya kusebenza njengentambo eqhubayo phakathi kwe-quantum microphysics kanye ne-astrophysical phenomena enkulu. Kusukela ku-microgauss ezindaweni ezibuthakathaka kakhulu kuya ku-gauss eyizinkulungwane eziningana ezindaweni ezisebenza kakhulu, amasimu kazibuthe ashiya uphawu lwawo emisebeni ye-infrared e-polarized, okusivumela ukuthi siqonde isakhiwo kanye nokuvela kwama-plasma ezinkanyezini, emithala, nangale kwalokho, uma nje sinamamodeli aqinile kanye nedatha yekhwalithi yokufunda kahle lowo myalezo.
