I-Los ama-mosquito Zibhekwa njengezinye zezinambuzane ezicasulayo neziyingozi kakhulu ezikhona emvelweni. Isibalo sezinhlobo ezikhona silinganiselwa ku-3200, kuthi ezingama-200 zidla igazi lezinye izilwane. Phakathi kwalezi, kunezinhlobo eziningana, ezifana Aedes albopictus (owaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi umiyane we-tiger yase-Asia) kanye nomiyane Anopheles gambiae, ezikwazi ukudlulisa izifo ezibulalayo njengodenga, umalaleveva kanye negciwane leZika.
Njengoba amazinga okushisa embulunga yonke eqhubeka ekhuphuka, lezi zinambuzane ziyakhula ukwenza amakoloni izifunda, kuze kube manje, ezazibhekwa njengezibanda kakhulu kubo. Lokhu kuthinta ikakhulukazi ngoba izimo ezifudumele zivumela omiyane ukuba bazalane ngokushesha futhi basakaze ezindaweni ezintsha. Ukuze uqonde umthelela we ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke ekudluliselweni kwezifo, kanye nezingozi namasu azo okulawula, kufanele sicabangele imiphumela yawo kulawa ma-vector.
Ukuze omiyane bazale, badinga amanzi kuphela, ukufudumala, nendlela yokuthutha. Ngenxa yokwanda kohambo lwamazwe ngamazwe nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, kanye nentuthuko kwezokuthutha, lezi zinambuzane zithola izithiyo ezimbalwa ekwandeni kwazo. Kwidokhumentari ephethwe nguBill Gates enesihloko esithi "Mosquito", eyasakazwa kuDiscovery Channel ngoJulayi 6, 2017, kuthiwa Izifo ezinjengodenga ne-yellow fever ziye zathatha amakhulu eminyaka ukusabalala emhlabeni wonke, kuyilapho i-Chikungunya, i-West Nile virus kanye ne-Zika zikwazi ukusabalala eminyakeni engu-16 nje kuphela.
Okwamanje, Cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2500 baphila engozini yokuqubuka kweZika okungenzeka., igciwane elatholwa okokuqala ehlathini lase-Uganda ngo-1947. Nakuba sekudlule isikhathi eside litholakele, liseyinkinga enkulu emazweni anjengeBrazil, iPuerto Rico, ne-United States, lapho kuye kwabikwa ukwanda kwezifo ezihlobene nalo. Lezi yizibonelo ezicacile zemiphumela ye ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu empilweni yomphakathi.
Ngokwesiko, Amaqanda omiyane nezibungu zazifa phakathi nobusika lapho kubanda, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisenyakatho nenkabazwe. Kodwa-ke, ngokukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa, la maqanda nezibungu ziqala ukuphila phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika, okwenza inani labantu bakhona lande ngokushesha nangempumelelo. Lokhu kwenza kuphuthume nakakhulu ukubhekana nemiphumela yezempilo yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Ukulwa nalezi zinambuzane kubonakala kusekude ukuphela. Ukukhula kokumelana komiyane kwizibulala-zinambuzane kuholele ekutheni izinkampani ezithile, njenge-Oxitec, zenze izindlela ezintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, sebeqalile ukujova “ufuzo olubulalayo” kwabesilisa balolu hlobo. Aedes aegypti, okubangela ukufa kwezingane zabo ngemva kokuhlangana nezinsikazi, okuyizona ezibangela ukudluliselwa kwezifo. Ngokusho kwesikhulu esiphezulu sale nkampani, uHadyn Parry, ezivivinyweni ezenziwe, inani lomiyane Aedes aegypti kwehle ngo-82%, okuthembisayo futhi okungaholela ezisombululweni ezisebenza kangcono zokulawula ukwanda kwazo.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva, lapho ochwepheshe be-Doñana Biological Station (EBD-CSIC) bebambe iqhaza, lubonise ukuthi omiyane bayashintsha ukuziphatha kwabo ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kuya ngokuya kuvame ukubona ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezehlukene zomiyane, bomdabu kanye nabahlaselayo ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Lezi zinguquko azizenzeki, njengoba ziqhutshwa inhlanganisela yezinto ezizungezile, njengokuba khona kwamanzi amile, imithombo engenawo isimiso sokujikeleza kabusha, kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphakathi elivumela ukwanda kwawo. Lokhu kuhlobene neqiniso lokuthi i- Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuthinta nabesifazane abakhulelwe.
Umthelela wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu komiyane
Esinye sezici ezikhathazayo kakhulu zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ukuthi akuthinti isimo sezulu kuphela, kodwa futhi ezempilo zomphakathi. Omiyane bangumthelela omkhulu wezifo ezisakazeke emhlabeni wonke. Lapho umiyane uluma umuntu, awugcini nje ngokuthola igazi, kodwa futhi ungadla amagciwane noma izilokazane ezikhona kulelo gazi, okuthinta umuntu olandelayo omluma ngamathe. Ezinye zezifo ezithathelwana ngomiyane zihlanganisa udenga, umalaleveva, ne-West Nile fever, phakathi kwezinye, futhi ziyanda ngenxa yezinto ezifana nokufudumala komhlaba.
Ngokwesibonelo, eSpain kunezinhlobo eziningi zomiyane, njengalezo zohlobo lweCulex ne-Aedes, ezikhona ezweni lonke. Nakuba lezi zifo bezingavamile ukudluliselwa kulesi sifunda esikhathini esidlule, emhlabeni wanamuhla wembulunga yonke, ukwethulwa kwama- vectors angavamile kuya ngokwandayo, njengoba kuye kwaboniswa izikhathi eziningi. Ukuvela kwamacala e-autochthonous of dengue eminyakeni yamuva nje sekuqalile ukukhathaza iziphathimandla zezempilo, okwenza kudingeke ukuqapha imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu eSpain.
Amabhizinisi omhlaba, njenge-World Health Organization (WHO), i-UN, kanye ne-World Organization for Animal Health (WHO), aseqalile ukusebenzisa izivumelwano emhlabeni wonke ukuphendula lezi zingozi ezivelayo. Lokhu kubambisana kuhlose ukulawula nokuqapha izifo ezidluliselwa kubantu nasezilwaneni ezifuywayo, kanye nokutholwa kwama-vector, ukuqoqwa kwedatha, nokubikezela isimo sezulu esihlobene nalezi zifo. Le mizamo ibalulekile ekubhekaneni nezinkinga Imiphumela yokufudumala komhlaba.
Izinyathelo zomuntu ngamunye nezihlangene zokuvimbela
UMnyango Wezempilo waseSpain unikeze izincomo zendlela yokuvimbela ukulunywa omiyane, ugcizelela ukuthi sonke singathatha izinyathelo zokuvikela impilo yethu:
- Nciphisa izindawo ezisobala zomzimba ngokugqoka imikhono emide namabhulukwe amade, izicathulo ezivaliwe, namasokisi aphezulu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, Ukugqoka izingubo ezinemibala ekhanyayo akukhangi kangako omiyane..
- Sebenzisa i-air conditioning, njengoba kuboniswe ukuthi iyasebenza ekugcineni omiyane bangangeni emakamelweni. Lesi sici sibaluleke kakhulu uma kubhekwa ukuthi Ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kungase kubangele ukusetshenziswa.
- Faka amanethi omiyane emafasiteleni nasezicabheni zezindlu ukuze unciphise ukungena komiyane. Uma lokhu kungenakwenzeka, amanetha ombhede awusizo ukuvimbela ukulunywa ebusuku.
- Ukusebenzisa ama-insecticides kuyindlela enhle yokuvimbela ukuthintana nomiyane, futhi namuhla, izifutho zokuxosha ziyatholakala emakhemisi anephunga elimnandi ngisho nalawo angenaphunga.
Ikusasa lesimo somiyane kanye nezifo abazidluliselayo lizoncika kakhulu ekutheni umphakathi wesayensi uqonda futhi ubhekane kanjani nokujwayela kwalezi zidalwa endaweni ehlala ishintsha ngenxa yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Ngokuqhubeka kokuhlaziya nokucwaninga, kuzovulwa ulwazi olusha mayelana nokuziphatha kwalawa ma-vector ayingozi, futhi kuzofunwa izindlela zokunciphisa imiphumela yawo emibi empilweni yomphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa nokucabangela ukubaluleka .
Ucwaningo lwakamuva ngomiyane
Ucwaningo olwenziwa ososayensi basemanyuvesi adumile njengeStanford neHarvard luveze ukwanda kwezifo zodenga kanye nekhono lomiyane lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo. Kulo nyaka, ngaphezu kwalokho 12 million izigameko zodenga emazweni aseMelika, kugcizelela umthwalo okhulayo walesi sifo emhlabeni wonke. Ngokwalolu cwaningo ubudlelwano phakathi kokushisa komhlaba nomiyane busondele kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambilini.
Okutholakele kubonise ukuthi ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kunomthelela ekwandeni komiyane ngokwendawo, okwandisa izifo ezithathelwanayo ezinjengodenga. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu akwenza kube lula Aedes aegypti, abasabalalisi abakhulu bodenga, bayasinda futhi bazalane ezindaweni ababengakwazi kuzo ngaphambili, ngisho nasezifundeni ezazibanda kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokuphenya lesi simo uma kubhekwa umthelela ongaba khona empilweni yomphakathi.
Esigabeni sezempilo sombiko wabo, ososayensi baxwayisa ngokuthi ngisho nokuncipha okukhulu kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni, imiphumela yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu izoqhubeka, ithinta ikakhulukazi izindawo ezisemaphethelweni okushisa aphakeme okudluliselwa kwalezi zifo, okubonisa ukukhathazeka okukhulayo phakathi kweziphathimandla zezempilo.
Amasu okulawula amasha
Ngaphezu kocwaningo, izindlela ezintsha ziyenziwa emazweni amaningana. Okunye okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa komiyane abangenwe amagciwane wolbachia, okuphazamisa ikhono lomiyane lokudlulisela izifo ezinjengodenga, iZika, ne-chikungunya. Le ndlela ikhiqiza imiphumela emihle ezindaweni ezinjengeNiterói, eBrazil, lapho izifo zodenga ziye zehla kakhulu ngemva kokukhululwa komiyane abathwala udenga. wolbachia. Lezi zindlela ezintsha ziyisibonelo semizamo yokulawula omiyane esimweni sokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi le ndlela ayisebenzi nje kuphela kodwa futhi iphephile emvelweni nempilo yabantu. Ngokukhiqizwa ngobuningi balaba omiyane, ukusetshenziswa kwabo kulindeleke ukuthi kwande ukuze kulawuleke ubuningi bomiyane futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kunciphise ukudluliswa kwegciwane. Lokhu kumelela ithemba ekuphathweni kwezifo ezithwala izifo.
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, omiyane, nempilo yomphakathi kuyinkimbinkimbi. Njengoba isimo sezulu sishintsha, amasu okunciphisa ahlanganisa impilo yomphakathi nokulawulwa kwe-vector nokongiwa kwemvelo, ngokulandela indlela ethi "Impilo Eyodwa", ayadingeka.
Ngakho-ke, indlela yokulawula izifo ezithwalwa omiyane ihlala ingaqiniseki, kodwa ngokusebenzisana komhlaba wonke, ucwaningo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezintsha, izinselele ezikhulayo abazivezayo zingaxazululwa.