Njengokungathi ifilimu ye-apocalyptic, okuthiwa "umnyango wesihogo", umgodi ojule ngaphezu kwamamitha ayikhulu nekhilomitha ubude. Itholakala eduze kwedolobha laseBatagai, okungeyona into noma ubani afuna ukuyisondela. Kuya ngokuya kubhebhetheka, futhi konke sibonga ukufudumala kwezwe.
Ngenkathi i ukufudumala kwezwe Ithinta yonke iplanethi, izwakala kakhulu ezindaweni ezibandayo, futhi lapha, kulesi sifunda saseRussia, Ukukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa kubangela i-permafrost, okuwukungqimba kwenhlabathi (noma okufanele kube njalo) iqandisiwe, ukuncibilika. Ngakho-ke, inhlabathi iyawa, iveze izinsalela zesikhathi esedlule esikude.
Empeleni, yize lokhu kuyisibonelo esisodwa sokuthi isimo sezulu esizungeze iplanethi sishintsha kakhulu futhi ngokushesha, kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi singasisiza siqonde okwenzeka eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eyedlule, lapho ama-mammoths ayesekhona. Kangangokuthi iqembu lososayensi be-paleontologists lisizakala ngokuthi le ndawo ivele ukuzohlola, futhi kuze kube manje sebethole izinsalela, hhayi i-mammoth kuphela, kepha ngisho namahhashi nenyoni. Kuhlala ukuthandana kusuka kungabi ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi iminyaka 4.400.
Ingabe kukhona izimbobo eziningi? Ngokwesitatimende sikachwepheshe ephephandabeni Izikhathi zaseSiberiayebo. Ingqikithi, kunezimbili futhi ezisenyakatho neRussia. Mancane, futhi aqhelelene ngamakhulu amakhilomitha ambalwa. Kodwa okuningi kungavela ezindaweni eziseduze ne-Arctic Circle.
Ucabangeni ngalokhu okutholakele? Kuyamangalisa, akunjalo? Yena ukufudumala kwezwe Kuyinkinga enkulu kakhulu okufanele siyixazulule, sithathe izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze sigweme imiphumela yayo.
Ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke eSiberia
El ukufudumala kwezwe Izibonakalisa ngendlela eshaqisayo eSiberia, lapho amazinga okushisa ekhuphuke ngendlela engakaze ibonwe. Ngonyaka ka-2020, isenzakalo sezulu esibi kakhulu sagqama: idolobha laseVerjoyansk lafinyelela amazinga okushisa 38 degree centigrade, eliphakeme kunawo wonke ake aqoshwa enyakatho ye-Arctic Circle. Lesi sigameko asigcini nje ngokubonisa ukungahambi kahle kokushisa, kodwa futhi siholele ekuveleni kwemililo emikhulu ecekele phansi izindawo ezinkulu zamahlathi e-Arctic yaseSiberia. Kulo mongo, kubalulekile ukuqonda Imiphumela yokufudumala komhlaba.
Umbiko wethimba labacwaningi eliholwa izazi zemvelo zaseSpain uJosep Peñuelas no-Adrià Descals wembula ukuthi imililo yehlathi Ngo-2020, babeqine ngokuphindwe kasikhombisa kunesilinganiso seminyaka engamashumi amane edlule. Ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa kanye ne-permafrost akuthinti nje kuphela izitshalo nezilwane zendawo, kodwa futhi kunomthelela omkhulu ekukhululweni kwe isikhutha y i-methane emkhathini, okwandisa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukwazi izimbangela eziyinhloko zokufudumala kwembulunga yonke.
Imiphumela ye-Permafrost Thawing
I-Permafrost, egcina inani elikhulu lekhabhoni ngesimo sezinto eziphilayo, ingaphansi kwengcindezi ekhulayo ngenxa ukufudumala kwezwe. Njengoba lincibilika, ziyakhululwa amagesi abamba ukushisa okuyinto, ngokwezilinganiso, ingakhuphula kakhulu izinga lokushisa loMhlaba. Kulo mongo, i-permafrost ayigcini nje ngokusebenza njengendawo yokugcina amanzi, kodwa futhi iba umthombo wokukhipha umoya ohlanganisa ukulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Umkhuba we ukufudumeza E-Siberia, ihlotshaniswa ne-feedback loop lapho amazinga okushisa akhuphukayo enomthelela ekuncibilikeni kwe-permafrost, okuholela ekukhululweni kwegesi. i-methane. Le gesi inamandla okufudumala izikhathi eziphindwe ka-28 kune-CO2 esikhathini esifushane, okubonisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu kososayensi abafunda imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushesha kokufudumala kwembulunga yonke kuxhumene imililo yehlathi eyingozi kakhulu.
I-Batagaika Crater: Inkomba Yokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu
I-Batagaika crater isiqalile ukuheha ukunakwa komhlaba wonke ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obumangalisayo kanye neqiniso lokuthi iyaqhubeka nokukhula minyaka yonke, ikhuphuka ngamamitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-30 ngonyaka. Le crater, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "Umlomo Wesihogo", uthole irekhodi le-geological elifinyelela ku- iminyaka 650,000, okunikeza ososayensi ithuba elihle lokutadisha izinguquko zemvelo zesikhathi esidlule kanye nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezazihlala kula mazwe. Lokhu kugqamisa isidingo socwaningo mayelana Imiphumela yokufudumala komhlaba.
Ngokomlando, i-crater yakhiwa ngenxa ye- ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okukhulu ngawo-60, okwabeka inhlabathi ekushiseni kwelanga futhi kwasheshisa ukuncibilika kwe-permafrost. Lesi simo asithinti nje i-geology yendawo kodwa futhi sishintsha i-ecosystem ezungezile, ethinta izitshalo nezilwane, kanye nemiphakathi yabantu ehlala esifundeni.
Izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo kanye nezazi ze-paleontologist zimagange ukuhlola le ntaba-mlilo, njengoba azitholanga izinsalela zama-mammoth kuphela, kodwa nezinsalela zamahhashi nezinyathi ezihlala enkumbulweni Yomhlaba. Lokhu okutholakele kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi imvelo yasendulo yasabela kanjani ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, kwezinye izimo, kwakufana nalezi esibhekana nazo namuhla.
Umphumela Womlilo Wamahlathi eSiberia
Imililo yasehlathini eSiberia ibilokhu ikhula ngokuphindaphindiwe nangokushuba. Esikhathini sakamuva, imililo icekele phansi ngaphezu kwalokho amahektha ayizigidi ezingu-4.7 e-Arctic yaseSiberia, indawo ecishe ilingane nendawo yaseDominican Republic. Lokhu kwanda kwemisebenzi yomlilo kuhlobene eduze nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke futhi kunemiphumela elimazayo hhayi kuphela ezitshalweni zendawo kodwa nesimo sezulu somhlaba wonke.
Imililo ilimaza kakhulu ngoba ikhipha inani elikhulu lekhabhoni egcinwe ezitshalweni nasenhlabathini, okunomthelela ku-feedback loop ekhulisa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Izimila ezishile azikwazi ukuthwebula ikhabhoni, futhi umlotha nezinye izakhi ezikhishelwa emoyeni zenza izinga lomoya nesimo sezulu sibe sibi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kanjani izilwane ezisengozini zithintwa yilezi zinguquko.
Ubungozi Bengqalasizinda kanye Nemiphakathi Yasendaweni
Ukwenyuka kokuncibilika kwe-permafrost kanye nokukhula kwama-craters afana ne-Batagaika kunomthelela omkhulu kungqalasizinda yendawo kanye nemiphakathi. Izakhiwo eziningi nezingqalasizinda zakhiwe phezu kwe-permafrost, futhi njengoba incibilika, isisekelo salezi zakhiwo siba buthaka. Umbiko uveze ukuthi i 60% zezakhiwo ezisedolobheni laseNorilsk, ngokwesibonelo, ziye zathonywa ukuncibilika kweqhwa.
Imiphumela ihlanganisa ukuwa kwezakhiwo, ukudilika kwenhlabathi, nokudalwa kwamachibi ayengekho ngaphambili, okwenza ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi kube nzima. Izindlela zokuxhumana nezokuthutha nazo ziyathinteka, okwenza ukufinyelela ezindaweni ezikude kube nzima futhi okungaba nomthelela emnothweni wendawo. Ngalo mqondo, kubalulekile ukwazi Imiphumela yokufudumala komhlaba kwingqalasizinda.
Ucwaningo nge-Permafrost kanye ne-Global Warming
Ucwaningo eSiberia lusaqhubeka, futhi ososayensi basebenza kanzima ukuze baqonde kangcono ukuthi ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kuyithinta kanjani le ndawo ebalulekile. Izifundo zesathelayithi nokubhekwa komhlabathi kunikeza idatha ebalulekile esiza abacwaningi ukuba babonise ikusasa le-Arctic futhi benze izibikezelo mayelana nokuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuzoqhubeka kanjani nokubathinta kokubili isifunda nayo yonke iplanethi.
Ngombiko omusha ngamunye, kuba sobala ukuthi ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke akuyona inkinga eyodwa, kodwa kuyisenzakalo esixhumene esizothinta zonke izici zeplanethi yethu. Ucwaningo nokwenza kubalulekile ukunciphisa imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokuvikela kokubili imiphakathi yendawo kanye nemvelo yomhlaba.
Ngokufanayo, isici semfundo sibalulekile. I ukuqwashisa ngokufudumala komhlaba kanye nemiphumela yako ibalulekile ukuhlanganisa imiphakathi ukuthi isebenze futhi ibe nomthelela kunqubomgomo emazingeni endawo nawamazwe ngamazwe. Njengoba abantu abaningi beqonda ubukhulu bosongo olubangelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kuba maningi amathuba okuthi kwamukelwe izinqubomgomo ezisebenzayo zokubhekana nenkinga. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kanjani Umoya ohlanzekile ungenza imiphumela yokufudumala kwembulunga ibe mibi kakhulu.
Isimo saseSiberia sisebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi zonke izenzo zinemiphumela nokuthi ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kufanele kube yinto eza kuqala kuwo wonke umuntu. Ithemba liwukuthi ngokusebenzisana, singanciphisa umthelela wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu futhi sakhe ikusasa elisimeme ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Isayensi yembula okwengeziwe ngobunkimbinkimbi bezinto eziphilayo nendawo yazo ezungezile nokuthi zithinteka kanjani ekushintsheni komhlaba. Ososayensi bagxile ekutheni ukunyuka kwe-CO2 kanye ne-methane akuthinti nje isimo sezulu kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuhlukahluka kwemvelo kanye nempilo yezindawo eziningi eziphilayo. Ukutholwa ngakunye okusha kule ndawo kusiza imephu yalokho okungalahleka uma kuthathwa izinyathelo zokubhekana nale nkinga yesimo sezulu.
Njengoba umhlaba ubhekene nale nselelo, kuyacaca ukuthi izinyathelo esizenzayo manje zizoba bucayi ekunqumeni ukuthi iplanethi yethu izobukeka kanjani esikhathini esizayo.
Isimo sezulu saseSiberia asimeleli nje inselele kubahlali bakulesi sifunda, kodwa futhi siphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nezimo zezulu. ukuphepha kwesimo sezulu, lo i-justicia social futhi i ukusimama ezingeni lomhlaba. Ikusasa lapho isimo sezulu sishintsha ngokushesha liyithemba eliphazamisayo futhi lisikhumbuza ukuthi ngamunye wethu unendima okufanele ayibambe ekulweni nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqonda incazelo imiphumela yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke ezimpandeni zezitshalo.
Okwenzeka eSiberia kungathinta umhlaba wonke, futhi kubalulekile ukuthatha isinyathelo manje ukuze sivikele iplanethi yethu!
Ukukhanya kwelanga emini bekusondele kakhulu kulezo zindawo kulenyanga kaJuni… .Lendlela ibinkulu kakhulu ngo-2002 kuya ku-2006… —CR