Izingwadule? ESpain? Akunakwenzeka. Noma mhlawumbe yebo? Iqiniso liwukuthi engxenyeni enkulu yezwe, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni eseningizimu kanye nesifunda saseMedithera, imvula iya ngokuya inqaba. Okwenezela kulokhu umthelela owenziwa ngabantu emhlabathini. Futhi into embi kakhulu ukuthi manje sekuyiqiniso elisobala nakakhulu sibonga ucwaningo olushicilelwe ephephabhukwini elithi 'Science of the Total Environment'. Kusukile ekubeni ukuphawula kuye kwaba yisihloko esifundwe.
Futhi kubonakala sengathi asikafuni ukubona ubucayi benkinga. I ugwadule eSpain Kuyiqiniso, kangangokuthi ngokwalolu cwaningo, Indawo engama-20% isivele iyihlane.
Ukuze kufinyelelwe lesi siphetho, amathuluzi amabili asetshenzisiwe: imephu yesimo sezwe kanye nesethi yamamodeli okulingisa endaweni ngayinye yokugwaduleka. Ngenxa yalokhu kuhlaziya, ososayensi abavela eSikhungweni Esiphakeme Socwaningo Lwesayensi (CSIC) bakwazile ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi izici ezingenelela kule nqubo, okubhebhethekiswe yi- ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, Ukuba ngu- isimo sezulu leyo ethinta kakhulu insimu.
Nakuba imiphumela ingeke ibe yinto evamile, ngoba, ngokukaJaime Martín Valderrama, umcwaningi eSiteshini Sokuhlola Sezindawo Eziyomile e-Almería, "amacala amaningi adinga ukufundwa ukuze kuhlanganiswe uhla lwamacala anikezwa indawo yaseSpain futhi kuvunyelwe ukuhlaziya okuphindaphindekayo ezindaweni ezihlukene," iqiniso liwukuthi bekungeke kube buhlungu ukuqala ukusebenza manje. Beka izinyathelo zokugwema ukulahlekelwa umhlaba omningi.
ISpain ingelinye lamazwe asayine iNgqungquthela Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yokulwa Nokugwaduleka, eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-December 26, 1996. Kodwa thina, ekhaya, ezingadini zethu, singenza okuthile, njengokufana ungamoshi amanzi uphinde uwasebenzise lapho kungenzeka khona, futhi usebenzise imikhiqizo yemvelo futhi hhayi amaminerali amaningi (amakhemikhali).
Ngaphambi kokungena ngemininingwane ngezimbangela nemiphumela yokugwaduleka, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi siyini lesi simo. I ukwenziwa ihlane Kuyinqubo lapho umhlaba ovundile ezindaweni ezomile, eziwugwadule kanye nezinomswakama omncane ucekelwa phansi, uphenduke indawo ewugwadule. Le nqubo ingaba umphumela wokuhlukahluka kwesimo sezulu kanye nemisebenzi yabantu, futhi iyinkinga eyenzeka kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica.
Izimbangela Zokuba Ugwadule eSpain
Izimbangela zokugwaduleka ziningi futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi. Phakathi kwezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi:
- Ukuqedwa kwamahlathi: Ukususwa kwekhava yezitshalo kungaholela ukulahlekelwa ukuvunda komhlabathi.
- Ezolimo ezijulile: Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile komhlaba kwezilimo kungaholela ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwenhlabathi kanye nemithombo yamanzi.
- Ukufuya ngokujulile: Ukungaphathwa ngendlela kwemfuyo kungenza qeda imithombo yamanzi futhi kulimaze izitshalo ezizungezile.
- Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu: ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kunomthelela ukuqina kogwadule, ukwandisa imvamisa yesomiso.
- Imisebenzi yabantu: el ukukhula ngokweqile kwedolobha kanye nokulahlwa kwezinqubo zezolimo ezisimeme kukhulise ingcindezi emithonjeni yemvelo.
Konke lokhu kubangela ukuphambana kwezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuthi, kuhlangene, ukusheshisa inqubo yokuguga ezweni. Imiphakathi ethinteke kakhulu ivamise ukuba yileyo lapho kugcwele khona ukulima nokufuya.
La isimo esiyingozi eSpain Kuyisihloko esidinga ukunakwa, esihlongozwe usongo lokuphenduka ugwadule esibhekene nalo.
Umkhuba wokugwaduleka unawo imiphumela elimazayo kokubili okwemvelo kanye nomphakathi. Ezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi:
- Ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo: Ukuphenduka ugwadule kushintsha imvelo yemvelo, kubeka engcupheni izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo nezilwane.
- Ukungavikeleki kokudla: Ukuwohloka kwenhlabathi kunomthelela oqondile ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo.
- Ukuntuleka kwamanzi: Ukuphenduka ugwadule kunciphisa izindawo zokugcina amanzi ahlanzekile, okubalulekile ukuze abantu baphile.
- Ukufuduka kwabantu: Izakhamuzi eziningi zezindawo ezithintekile ziphoqeleka ukuba zishiye amakhaya azo ziyofuna izimo ezingcono.
- Ukwanda kwezifo: Ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kungaholela ekwandeni kwezifo ze-zoonotic nezinye izinkinga zempilo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe amahektha ayi-2050 azolahleka ngo-XNUMX. Amakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-1,5 yomhlaba wokulima emhlabeni wonke uma kungathathwa izinyathelo ezifanele. Ikhono lomhlabathi lokusekela ukuphila kwabantu nezilwane lisengozini, kukhinyabeza intuthuko esimeme kanye nokuphila kahle kwabantu.
ISpain, Isengozini Yokuba Ugwadule
Ezingeni laseYurophu, iSpain iyizwe elisengozini enkulu yokuba ugwadule. Nge 75% wendawo engozini, futhi nxazonke a U-6% usuvele wehlisiwe ngendlela engenakuguqulwaIsimo siyethusa, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini ezimele ogwini lwaseMedithera, njenge-Andalusia kanye ne-Canary Islands.
Ngokusho kwe-State Meteorological Agency (Aemet), eminyakeni engu-40 edlule, iSpain ibe neziqephu ze isomiso eside nesishubile okube nomthelela ekwandeni kwengozi yogwadule. Lezi ziqephu zesomiso bezivame kakhulu futhi zibe nzima, okusho ukuthi a ukwehla okukhulu ekutholakaleni kwamanzi ezweni. NgokweBhange Lomhlaba, isilinganiso sokuxineka kwamanzi eSpain sime ku-43.25% ngo-2020, okubonisa ubudlelwano phakathi kokukhipha amanzi ahlanzekile ngokuphelele kanye namanzi atholakala ngokwemvelo avuselelekayo. Leli phesenti ligqamisa isimo esibucayi semithombo yamanzi ezweni.
Izinyathelo Zokulwa Nokugwaduleka
Njengoba sibhekene nale nselele, kubalulekile ukuthatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuvimbela kanye nokulwa nogwadule. Ezinye zalezi zinyathelo, ezinconywe izinhlangano ezifana ne-Ministry for Ecological Transition kanye ne-Demographic Challenge (MITECO), zifaka:
- Ukuvimbela nokunciphisa ukucekelwa phansi komhlaba: sebenzisa izindlela zokulima ezisimeme ezigcina izinga lomhlabathi.
- Ukuvuselelwa kwemihlaba eyonakele: buyisela izindawo eziye zalimala kakhulu ngamasu okubuyisela imvelo.
- Ukutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi: Tshala izihlahla zomdabu ezisiza ukubuyisela uhlaza kanye nokwenza ngcono ukugcinwa kwamanzi emhlabathini.
- Ukuphathwa kwamanzi okuthuthukisiwe: Sebenzisa izindlela zokunisela ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, njengokunisela ngamaconsi, futhi ukhuthaze ukuvunwa kwamanzi emvula ukuze aphinde asetshenziswe.
- Ukuqwashisa ngemfundo nemvelo: ukugqugquzela imikhankaso yokuqwashisa ngokubaluleka kokongiwa kwemvelo kanye nemithombo yemvelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenzisana phakathi kohulumeni, izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, kanye nomphakathi kubalulekile ukuze kuqaliswe amaphrojekthi afaka isandla ekusimameni nasekubuyiseleni kabusha imvelo ethintekile.
Ezingeni lomuntu ngamunye, ngamunye wethu angaba neqhaza ekulweni nokuphenduka ugwadule emiphakathini yethu ngezenzo zansuku zonke, ezifana nalezi:
- Ukusetshenziswa okufanele: khetha imikhiqizo yendawo kanye neyesizini edinga imithombo yamanzi embalwa ukuze ikhiqize.
- Nciphisa, phinda usebenzise futhi ugaye kabusha: ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezinomthelela ekungcoleni.
- Imfundo yezemvelo: yazisa futhi iqwashise phakathi kwabanye ngomthelela imisebenzi yabantu enawo endaweni ezungezile.
Ukuphenduka ugwadule eSpain kuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi futhi eyinselele edinga ukunakwa kwawo wonke umuntu. Izenzo esizenzayo namuhla zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ikusasa elisimeme lapho izizukulwane ezizayo zingajabulela indawo enempilo nekhiqizayo.
Kubalulekile ukwenza ngokuzibophezela futhi senze umzamo ohlangene wokunciphisa imithelela yokuphenduka ogwadule ezweni lethu. Ukuqwashisa umphakathi kanye nokusebenzisa izinqubomgomo ezisebenzayo kungaba futhi kufanele kube yingxenye yesixazululo. Ngakho-ke, konke ukuthinta okuncane kuyabalulekile emzabalazweni wokulwa nogwadule nokuvikela ikusasa lendawo yethu yemvelo.
