Ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kuqiniswa ukugcinwa kokushisa okwenziwa yi- amagesi abamba ukushisa, okusebenza lapho imisebe yelanga ishaya phezu komhlaba. Le misebe yelanga ibangela ukwanda kwamazinga okushisa embulungeni yonke, futhi umphumela wayo ukhuliswa ngezinsuku ezicacile.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva, olwenziwe ososayensi abavela e-Institute of Marine Sciences ye-CSIC, luphenya imiphumela ukuncibilika ekwakhekeni kwamafu. Kodwa buyini ubuhlobo phakathi kwalezi zenzakalo?
I-Thaw yoLwandle i-Antarctic
Ngokusho kwabacwaningi balolu cwaningo, lapho iqhwa lincibilika ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphezulu, i-nitrogen yasemkhathini iyakhululwa. Le nitrogen yasemkhathini isandulela esibalulekile sokwakheka kwamafu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luye lwahlonza izinhlayiya ezivela ezintweni eziphilayo ezincane ezihlala eqhweni lasolwandle namanzi azungezile.
Njengoba kwaziwa kahle, Ukuncibilika kwezingqimba zeqhwa ezishisayo kuya ngesivinini ngenxa yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.. Lesi sigameko asigcini nje ngokufaka isandla ekukhuphukeni kwamazinga olwandle, kodwa futhi singakhuthaza ukukhishwa kwezinto ezisiza ekwakhekeni kwamafu, into eye yahlaziywa ngokujulile kumongo we ukuncibilika kukaLarsen C futhi ku I-Totten Glacier. Lokhu kuguquguquka bekunganakwa ezifundweni eziningi zangaphambilini zesimo sezulu esishisayo.
Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele umthelela walesi simo, ukuhlaziya ngokucophelela ukusebenzisana phakathi kolwandle, iqhwa, umkhathi, nezinto eziphilayo kubalulekile. Lesi simiso sezulu esiyinkimbinkimbi sincike ezilinganisweni ezithambile futhi ngokuvamile engazinzile.
Ubufakazi buphakamisa ukuthi nakuba ukuncibilika kweqhwa kungaba nemiphumela emibi endaweni ezungezile, kungase futhi kube isici esihle. Ngokwakhiwa kwamafu okuthuthukisiwe, imisebe yelanga efinyelela ebusweni bomhlaba ingancishiswa, kusize ekwehliseni izinga lokushisa emhlabeni jikelele. Ngaphandle kwalokho, Ukwanda kwemvula kunganciphisa isomiso ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba kanye nokukhuthaza ukukhula kwezimila, okuyisici okufanele sicatshangelwe kumongo we ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Lezi zitshalo ziphinde zibe nomthelela ekubunjweni kwamafu amasha, okudala umjikelezo ongaba nomthelela esimweni sezulu esinokulinganisela.
Ucwaningo lwe-PI-ICE 2019
Ucwaningo olusha, olushicilelwe kujenali I-geoscience yemvelo, eholwa yi-Institute of Marine Sciences ye-CSIC kanye neNyuvesi yaseBirmingham, bathole ukuthi ukuncibilika kwe-Antarctica kuqinisa ukwakheka amahlumela e-aerosol emkhathini, okuvumela ukwakheka kwamafu ehlobo. Lesi senzakalo sibalulekile, njengoba amafu enendima ebalulekile ekulawuleni izinga lokushisa leplanethi ngokubonisa nokuhlunga imisebe yelanga. Ngaphandle kokuba khona kwala mafu, isimo sezulu sembulunga yonke besiyofudumala ngendlela emangalisayo. Inqubo yokwakheka kwamafu iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ithonywa ukuguquguquka okuningana, okuhlanganisa ukwakheka kwama-aerosols emkhathini.
Nokho, naphezu kokubaluleka kwalokhu kuguquguquka ekulawuleni isimo sezulu, indlela eqondile yokwakheka kwamafu ayiqondwa kahle, ikhawulela ukunemba kokuqagela kwesimo sezulu esizayo.
Ukuthuthukisa lo msebenzi, ithimba labacwaningi lasebenzisa idatha eqoqwe ngesikhathi somkhankaso we-PI-ICE 2019 Antarctic, owathatha isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga ezintathu futhi wawuholwa umcwaningi we-ICM u-Manuel Dall'Osto. Lo mkhankaso uhlaziye izinhlayiya ezimiswe emoyeni endaweni ezungeze iNhlonhlo ye-Antarctic, okubalulekile ukuqonda ukuncibilika kweqhwa okungokomlando futhi kanjani ukuncibilika kwe-Antarctic Ocean kunomthelela ukwakheka kwamafu.
Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi lapho izixuku zomoya zivela ogwini lweqhwa lolwandle, iziqephu zokwakheka kwe-aerosol zivame kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lezi zinqwaba zomoya ziqukethe ukugxila okuphezulu i-sulfuric acid y amine, izinhlanganisela zebhayoloji ezisebenzisanayo ukuze ziguquke zisuka kumagesi ziye ezinhlayiyeni. Lokhu okutholakele kubalulekile ngoba, nakuba indima ye-sulfuric acid ekwakhekeni kwe-aerosol yayisivele yaziwa, Lolu cwaningo luqinisekisa indima ebalulekile yama-amine, ezikhiqizwa ekonakalisweni kwezinto eziphilayo ezikhona kuma-microorganisms ahlala eqhweni lasolwandle.
Ukubaluleka kwe-nitrogen ephilayo
"Besazi ukubaluleka kwe-nitrogen ephilayo ekukhiqizeni i-aerosol nokwakhiwa kwamafu ezindaweni ezisemhlabeni, kodwa ngesikhathi sohambo lwango-2019 lwe-PI-ICE, sakwazi ukukhombisa ukuhambisana kwayo e-Antarctica," kusho uDall'Osto. Lokhu kutholakala akugcini nje ngokugqamisa umthelela wezinambuzane zeqhwa zasolwandle ekwakhekeni kwamafu, kodwa futhi kubiza ukuthi kubuyekezwe izinhlobo ezikhona zesimo sezulu ezibukela phansi umthelela wezilwane zasolwandle ekulawuleni isimo sezulu.
Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukwanda kokuncibilika kweqhwa lase-Antarctic Ocean ngesikhathi sasehlobo, okuqhutshwa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, kungakhuphula ukukhululwa kwezinto ezikhiqiza i-aerosol-kanye namafu. Lesi simo sabonwa kolunye ucwaningo olwenziwa e-Arctic, olugcizelela isidingo sokubheka ngokuphelele ukuxhumana phakathi kolwandle, iqhwa, umkhathi kanye nempilo, ikakhulukazi esimweni esibanzi solwandle. ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni.
Ithimba labacwaningi lihlela ukwenza uhambo olusha lwesayensi ngo-2023 ukuze liqhubeke lihlola le mishini eyinkimbinkimbi yesimo sezulu kanye nokuqonda kangcono ukuhlobana phakathi kwezingxenye ezihlukene zesimiso sezulu.
Imithelela yesikhathi esizayo
I-Antarctica okwamanje ibhekene ne-a ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu okunamandla, okunzima ukukubikezela. Ingxenye yale nselelo ibangelwa ukuntula ukuqonda ukuthi izinguquko ze-ecosystem zizothinta kanjani i-aerosol nokwakheka kwamafu. Izinhlobo zamanje zesimo sezulu zivame ukukubukela phansi ukumboza kwamafu phezu kwe-Southern Ocean ngakho-ke zilinganisela ngokweqile inani lemisebe yelanga efinyelela kulawa manzi abandayo, okubalulekile ekuqondeni umthelela wokuncibilika kweqhwa.
Ngakho-ke, ukushicilelwa kocwaningo olufana nalolu kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukuqagela kwesimo sezulu esizayo. Njengoba uguquko lwesimo sezulu luqhubeka nokuthuthuka, kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda okujulile kwezinqubo zemvelo ezithinta isimo sezulu somhlaba wonke, kuhlanganise nokusebenzisana kwazo nezwe. ukuncibilika kwe-Antarctica.
Ucwaningo oluhlukahlukene olwenziwe ngale ndaba lugqamise isidingo sokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ocwaningweni lokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, kanye nokubaluleka kokutshala imali emikhankasweni yesayensi evumela ukuqondwa kangcono kwalezi zimo eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengalezo ezifundwe kumongo we ukwanda kwamafu e-Arctic.
Umkhankaso we-PI-ICE, isibonelo, uxhaswe yi-Spanish National Research Agency (AEI) kanye ne-European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), futhi ubandakanye iqembu elihlukahlukene lezikhungo zocwaningo namanyuvesi, okubonisa ukuzibophezela komhlaba wonke ekuqondeni nasekubhekaneni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Ukuncibilika kwe-Southern Ocean akugcini nje ngokuba nesandla ekulahlekeni kweqhwa kodwa kungase futhi kube nomthelela omkhulu ekwakhekeni kwamafu, into engaba nemiphumela emihle nemibi esimweni sezulu somhlaba. Kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokuphenya lezi zinguquko ukuze ubikezele kangcono ikusasa leplanethi yethu.
