ukushabalala okukhulu

Iplanethi yethu ineminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-4.500 zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kuso sonke lesi sikhathi kube nezinguquko ezehlukene ezidale ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zife. Lezi zikhathi ze ukushabalala okukhulu aziyona into entsha emhlabeni. Lezi zakhi zafinyelela umvuthwandaba cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezikhona ngaleso sikhathi.

Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nokuqothulwa kwenqwaba, izici zakho nokubaluleka okuye kwaba nakho kumlando weplanethi.

Kuyini ukushabalala kwenqwaba

Okokuqala, kufanele sazi kuqala ukuthi uhlobo oluthile luyashabalala lapho zingekho izibonelo ezisele noma kuphi emhlabeni ezingazalana futhi zishiye inzalo. Manje, ukushabalala okukhulu kungenye yezinhlobo ezintathu zokuqothulwa ezikhona. Ake sibone lapha ukuthi babizwa ngani nokuthi uyini umehluko wabo:

• Ukushabalala kwangemuva: zenzeka ngokungahleliwe kuwo wonke ama-biomes futhi kancane kancane zinyamalale.
• Ukuqothulwa Okuningi: kuphumela ekwehleni okukhulu kwenani lezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala endaweni futhi ezenzeka phakathi nenkathi ethile yesikhathi.
• ukushabalala kwenqwaba yenhlekelele: zenzeka ngokuphazima kweso emhlabeni wonke, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuncipha kakhulu.

Izimbangela zokushabalala kwenqwaba

Ngemva kokufunda isigaba esandulele, ungase uzibuze ukuthi kungani ukuqothulwa kwabantu abaningi kwenzeka noma yini ebangela ukushabalala okukhulu kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Kunezizathu eziningi zokuthi kungani izilwane zinyamalala, kodwa nazi ezinye zazo.

izizathu zebhayoloji

Yilapho abaqala khona ukudlala izici zezinhlobo zezilwane kanye nokutholakala okukhona nokuncintisana phakathi kwazo. Ngale ndlela, izinhlobo ezithile zezilwane, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezihlaselayo endaweni yazo, zingasusa ezinye futhi ziziqhubele ekuqothulweni. Ngokuvamile, ukunyamalala kwesikhwama kwenzeka ngenxa yalezi zinhlobo zezizathu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kanjani umsebenzi womuntu unomthelela ekuqothulweni kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinto eziguquguqukayo eziye zathinta izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

izizathu zemvelo

Izizathu zemvelo zihlanganisa: izinguquko ezingeni lokushisa, izinguquko ezingeni lolwandle, izinguquko umjikelezo biogeochemical, ukunyakaza plate, plate tectonics, njll Kulokhu, uma uhlobo lwezilwane lungakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha zokuphila, luzoshabalala. Umsebenzi wentabamlilo ungenye yezimbangela zemvelo ezivame ukuholela ekuqothulweni okukhulu. Isibonelo yi- Ukuqothulwa kwePermian eyayihlobene nalezi zinguquko futhi egqamisa ukubaluleka kwezenzakalo zemvelo emlandweni woMhlaba.

izimbangela zangaphandle

Asibhekiseli kuma-Martians noma ama-UFO, kodwa kumthelela wama-asteroid nama-meteorite ebusweni boMhlaba. Kulesi simo, ukushabalala kwenzeka ngesikhathi nangemva komthelela, ngoba ngemuva komthelela kubangele izinguquko ekubunjweni komkhathi, phakathi kweminye imiphumela. Ngenxa yalezi zinhlobo zezizathu, ukushabalala okukhulu kwenqwaba kwenzeka, njengoba nje kukholakala ukuthi ukushabalala kwama-dinosaurs kwenzeka, njengoba kushiwo esihlokweni esithi. umthelela we-Chicxulub asteroid, isenzakalo esiyisihluthulelo sokuqonda lokhu kuqothulwa kwenqwaba.

izimbangela ezenziwe ngabantu

Yilezo zimbangela ezibangelwa ngokuphelele ukuziphatha komuntu. Ngokwesibonelo, ezolimo, izimayini, ukumba uwoyela kanye namahlathi, ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, ukwethulwa kwezinhlobo ezingavamile, ukuzingela nokushushumbiswa kwezilwane zasendle, nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke ngezinye zezinkinga zemvelo ezilethwa abantu esimisweni semvelo ngokungangabazeki eziyoholela ekuqothulweni kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Eqinisweni, i- ukushabalala ngonyaka ka-2100 Kuyinto engenzeka ngempela uma izinga lamanje liqhubeka, eligqamisa ukuphuthuma kwesinyathelo esisebenzayo sokumisa ukushabalala.

Ukushabalala okukhulu emlandweni womhlaba

Ungacabanga ukuthi zingaki ukushabalala okukhulu okwenzeka emlandweni womhlaba? Yiqiniso, kwaba nokuqothulwa kwenqwaba emihlanu. Ngisho nososayensi abaningi bathi sibhekene nokushabalala okukhulu kwesithupha. Kulesi sigaba, sizokutshela ukuthi yisiphi isikhathi sokwakheka komhlaba, isikhathi esingakanani, nokuthi kungani ukushabalala kwenqwaba kwenzeka.

Ukuqothulwa kwe-Ordovician-Silurian

Ukushabalala kokuqala kwenqwaba kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-444 edlule. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi yathatha iminyaka ephakathi kuka-500.000 1 no-60 million, kangangokuthi ngaphezu kuka-XNUMX% wezilwane zaphela. Kunemibono eminingana yokuthi yini eyabangela lokhu kushabalala, eqine kunazo zonke ithi ukuqhuma kwe-supernova kwabangela izinguquko ezingeni lolwandle kanye nongqimba lwe-ozone, isenzakalo okuxoxwe ngaso ezifundweni mayelana nolwandle. I-Ordovician kanye nobudlelwano bayo nokushabalala okukhulu.

Ukuqothulwa kwe-Devonian-Carboniferous

Kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-360 edlule futhi ngaphezu kwama-70% wezinhlobo zezilwane zashabalala. Lesi sigameko sokushabalala, esathatha iminyaka eyizigidi ezi-3, kukholakala ukuthi saqala ngokuqhuma kwamapulangwe e-mantle, amapulangwe ajulile ngaphansi koqweqwe loMhlaba asuka ezindaweni ezishisayo namabhande entaba-mlilo. Lesi simo sifundwa kumongo we I-Devonian nokuthi lokhu kuqhuma kube nomthelela kanjani ekuqothulweni kwabantu abaningi.

Ukuqothulwa kwePermian-Triassic

Lesi sigameko senzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-250 edlule futhi sathatha iminyaka eyisigidi. bhalansile, Amaphesenti angama-95 ezinhlobo zasolwandle kanye nama-70% ezinhlobo zasemhlabeni ashabalala. Imbangela okuyiyonayona ayikaziwa, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi idalwe ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, amagesi aphuma enkabeni yoMhlaba, kanye nomthelela we-asteroid. Lokhu kuhlobana nokubaluleka kokuqonda i Isikhathi sePermian emlandweni woMhlaba kanye nomthelela wawo ekuqothulweni kwabantu abaningi.

Ukuqothulwa kwe-Triassic-Jurassic

Eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-260 edlule, lesi sigameko sokushabalala kwenqwaba yeminyaka eyisigidi saqothula ama-70% ezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Imibono echaza ukuthi kungani ihlanganisa ukuhlukana kwePangea nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo okulandelanayo, izici ezihlobene I-Triassic nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwazo, okubalulekile ekuqondeni izikhathi zokushabalala kwenqwaba.

I-Cretaceous - Ukuqothulwa kwemfundo ephakeme

Kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-66 edlule futhi mhlawumbe isenzakalo esidume kakhulu sokuqothulwa kwabantu abaningi, njengoba izinhlobo zama-dinosaurs ezazihlala emhlabeni zashabalala. Kunemibono eminingi yokuchaza ukuthi kungani, ikakhulukazi esekelwe emisebenzini yentaba-mlilo ephezulu kanye nomthelela wama-asteroid amakhulu. Isici salo mcimbi ukuthi awubulalanga ama-dinosaurs kuphela, kodwa ngaphezu kuka-70% wezinhlobo zezilwane, futhi yahlala izinsuku ezilinganiselwa ku-30 ​​kuphela. Akungabazeki ukuthi Okuhle kakhulu kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda lokhu kushabalala.

Ukuqothulwa kwenqwaba ye-Holocene noma ukushabalala kwenqwaba yesithupha

Lo mcimbi udale izingxabano eziningi, hhayi nje ngoba uzokwenzeka ngokushesha, kodwa ngoba izizathu zaso zivele zakhiwe. Iqiniso ukuthi izinga lokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane liyanda kusukela ekuthuthukisweni komsebenzi womuntu, Ngokwesibonelo, izilwane ezincelisayo ziyashabalala ngenani eliphindwe izikhathi ezingu-280 kunokuvamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulinganiselwa ukuthi izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziye zashabalala emakhulwini amabili eminyaka adlule (iminyaka engu-200) kufanele ziphele phakathi neminyaka engu-28.000. Uma kubhekwa lokhu, kucace nakakhulu ukuthi sibhekene nokushabalala kwenqwaba yabantu, okuyinto ecwaningwa ocwaningweni Holocene kanye nemithelela yako ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.

Ukuze siqedele ukuqonda kwethu lokhu kushabalala okukhulu emlandweni womhlaba, sinikeze umugqa wesikhathi wokushabalala okuningi ngezansi.

Ngethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokushabalala kwenqwaba kanye nemiphumela yako.