I-Los ama-tsunami Ziyizigigaba zemvelo ezingavamile ezingadala a ukubhujiswa okukhulu ezindaweni ezisogwini, eqothula wonke amadolobha ngendaba yemizuzu. Lawa magagasi ahlaba umxhwele akhiqizwa ochungechungeni lwezehlakalo eziyinhlekelele, njenge ukuzamazama komhlaba, ukudilika komhlaba, Ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo noma umthelela we ama-asteroid olwandle. Ubukhulu bomonakalo ongadalwa yi-tsunami buncike ezicini eziningana, okuhlanganisa ukushuba kwesigameko esibangele yona kanye nesimo sendawo ethintekile. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nemiphumela elimazayo, ungathintana izinhlekelele zemvelo ezibhubhisa kakhulu.
Uma ufuna ukuqonda kwenzeka kanjani ama-tsunamiNgezansi, ngizohlinzeka ngohlaziyo oluningiliziwe lwalezi zigigaba ezilimazayo, okuhlanganisa izimbangela zazo, izici, kanye nomthelela ezingaba nazo ogwini lwethu. Ngalolu lwazi, sizokwazi ukwazisa ukubaluleka kokulungela izinhlekelele kanye nezinyathelo zokuvimbela ezingasiza ekusindiseni izimpilo.
Ayini ama-tsunami?
Kwabaningi, ukuntweza kuwumdlalo othokozisayo, lapho amagagasi ebonakala njengenselele. Nokho, i-tsunami iyisenzakalo esibi kakhulu futhi esibulalayo. I-tsunami ingachazwa njengochungechunge lwamagagasi akhiqizwa ukususwa kwamanzi kungazelelwe, ngokuvamile okubangelwa umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba. Isibonelo, i-tsunami eyenzeka ngo-2004 oLwandlekazini i-Indian yaholela ekulahlekelweni cishe 436,983 izimpilo, okwenza kube enye yezinhlekelele ezimbi kakhulu emlandweni wamuva. Lesi senzakalo sigqamisa isidingo sokutadisha ukuxhumana phakathi kokuzamazama komhlaba nama-tsunami.
Amagagasi e-tsunami anganwebeka ngaphezu kwalokho 100 amakhilomitha ubude futhi ufinyelele ukuphakama okufika phezulu Amamitha angu-30, ehamba ngesivinini esingafika ku km 700 / h emanzini ajulileyo. Lesi simo akufanele siphanjaniswe namagagasi olwandle avamile, njengoba ubude begagasi bawo bude kakhulu, buwavumela ukuba aziphathe ngendlela ehlukile uma kuqhathaniswa namagagasi akhiqizwa umoya. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukusuka ogwini ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka lapho kutholwa i-tsunami. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungakwazi ukuhlola Amaqiniso amahlanu athakazelisayo mayelana nama-tsunami okuveza ubukhulu bamandla aso okubhubhisa.
Njengoba i-tsunami isondela ogwini, isivinini sayo siyehla, kodwa ukuphakama kwayo kungakhuphuka kakhulu. Igagasi elingase libe lincane emanzini ajulile lingakhula libe liphakeme kakhulu lapho lifinyelela emanzini angashoni, libangele izikhukhula ezibhubhisayo. Ivame ukufika ngendlela yesitimela samagagasi, esingafinyelela ogwini phakathi nemizuzu ukuya emahoreni, okungase kudukise labo abacabanga ukuthi igagasi lokuqala linamandla kakhulu. Ukuze uqonde kabanzi ngalesi simo, ungafunda.
Kwenzeka kanjani ama-tsunami?
Ama-tsunami angadalwa yizimbangela eziningana, ezihlaziywa ngezansi:
- Ukuzamazama komhlaba ngaphansi kwamanziAma-tsunami amaningi abangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba okwenzeka phansi olwandle. Lokhu kunyakaza kokuzamazama komhlaba kubangelwa ukususwa kwe- amacwecwe e-tectonic Zomhlaba, ukudala ukunyakaza okunobudlova emanzini okuthi, lapho uzama ukuzinza, kubangele amagagasi amakhulu. Ukuze ukuzamazama komhlaba kukhiqize i-tsunami, kufanele kube nobukhulu okungenani obuyi-7 esikalini sika-Richter futhi umsuka wokuzamazama komhlaba kufanele ube ungashoni kakhulu. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokuxhumana phakathi kokuzamazama komhlaba nama-tsunami, bheka.
- Ukuguguleka komhlaba kwasolwandleLapho umhlaba omningi uhamba ogwini lolwandle, ungadala ama-tsunami. Lesi simo asivamile, kodwa singalimaza ngokufanayo, ikakhulukazi uma senzeka eduze nezindawo ezinabantu abaningi.
- Ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo engaphansi kwamanzi:Ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo ezingaphansi kwamanzi kungadudula amanzi amaningi phezulu, kukhiqize ama-tsunami. Lawa magagasi angaba yingozi kakhulu uma eba eduze nezindawo ezisogwini ezinabantu abaningi. Uma ufuna ukuqonda kabanzi ngalesi sihloko, thintana kungani kuqhuma izintaba-mlilo.
- Imithelela ye-AsteroidNakuba kuyisenzakalo esingavamile, umthelela we-asteroid olwandle ungaphazamisa amanzi kangangokuthi ukhiqiza i-tsunami enkulu, kuye ngobukhulu nesivinini se-asteroid. Amandla akhishwa umthelela wobukhulu obunjalo angabangela amagagasi abhubhisa ngokushesha. Lezi zinhlobo zezehlakalo zibalulekile ekuqondeni izinhlekelele zemvelo.
Lokhu kuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi kwamagagasi e-tsunami, ngokungafani namagagasi abangelwa umoya, kudinga ukuqonda okujulile ukuze kubikezelwe futhi kuncishiswe umonakalo ohambisana nawo. Ukuze uqonde kangcono lesi simo, ungathintana ukuthi ama-tsunami akheka kanjani.
Umthelela ogwini kanye nezifundo ezivela emlandweni
Isehlakalo se-tsunami singaba nemiphumela elimazayo ogwini. Amagagasi angashanela izakhiwo, izikhukhula zomhlaba kanye nembangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwabantu. Isibonelo, i-tsunami yase-Indian Ocean yango-2004 yashiya umkhondo wembubhiso eyadlula yonke indawo Amazwe we-14, ngebhalansi okungenani abangu-230,000 abafile noma abadukile. Lesi sigameko esibuhlungu sagqamisa ukuba sengozini kwezizwe eziningi kulezi zinhlobo zezinhlekelele. Lesi sici sigqamisa ukubaluleka kokufunda ukuthi ama-tsunami aqala kanjani.
Ngokomlando, iJapane bekuyisizinda sama-tsunami, esinefa lezinhlekelele zemvelo ezisukela emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Kodwa-ke, i-tsunami yase-Indian Ocean ka-2004 iyisikhumbuzo esibalulekile sokuthi akuzona kuphela amazwe asePacific asengozini. Yena Ukuzamazama komhlaba eLisbon kanye ne-tsunami ngo-1755, eyacekela phansi inhloko-dolobha yamaPutukezi, ingesinye isibonelo sokuthi lesi simo singenzeka ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba. Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ukuthi ukuzamazama komhlaba kuthinta kanjani izifunda ezahlukene.
Esimeni sezinhlekelele zemvelo, kubalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ukuthi izikhukhula zingahluka kanjani ezifundeni ezihlukene, okubangwa futhi nezici ezahlukahlukene ze geological and meteorological. Ngikukhuthaza ukuthi uhlole Kungani izikhukhula zenzeka kwezinye izindawo hhayi kwezinye.
I-Los ama-tsunami, njengoba sesibonile, kunesayensi esekelwe kuyo esacwaningwa. Kungani ukuzamazama komhlaba okunye kungawakhiqizi ama-tsunami, kuyilapho amanye enza? Kunezici eziningi ezidlalwayo, futhi ezinye zazo zihlobene ne Ukuzamazama komhlaba kwe-Alaska okungu-8.2 kanye nemithelela yawo kumthelela wama-tsunami.
Kungani ukuzamazama komhlaba okunye kungawakhiqizi ama-tsunami?
Isayensi ebangela ama-tsunami isathuthuka, futhi abacwaningi basebenza kanzima ukuze baqonde ukuthi kungani ukuzamazama komhlaba okunye kubangela ama-tsunami kuyilapho abanye, ngisho nalawo anobukhulu obufanayo, bengawakhiqizi. Izinto ezifana ukujula kokuzamazama komhlaba, uhlobo lwephutha nokunyakaza kwephansi lolwandle kubalulekile ekunqumeni lobu buhlobo. Isibonelo, uma ukuzamazama komhlaba kwenzeka ekujuleni okukhulu, ukususwa kwamanzi ngeke kwanele ukukhiqiza i-tsunami. Lesi sici siholele ekwandeni kwentshisekelo ezifundweni ezimayelana .
Esinye isici esithakazelisayo ukuthi ama-tsunami avame ukwenzeka ngendlela yochungechunge lwamagagasi, aziwa ngokuthi "isitimela samagagasi," esingafinyelela ogwini ngezikhathi ezithile zemizuzu ukuya emahoreni. Lesi simo singadukisa abantu ekucabangeni ukuthi umthelela wokuqala wawunzima kakhulu, okuyinto engavamile. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukulindela amagagasi amaningi futhi uqonde ukuthi usongo lungaqhubeka ngisho nangemva kwegagasi lokuqala.
Izinyathelo zokuvimbela kanye nezixwayiso ze-tsunami
Ngenxa yomonakalo ongadalwa yi-tsunami, amazwe amaningi asethuthukile izinhlelo zokuxwayisa zakuqala ukunciphisa izingozi. Lezi zinhlelo zihlanganisa izinzwa olwandle y ukuqapha kokuzamazama komhlaba ekwazi ukubona ukuzamazama komhlaba futhi ibale amathuba okuthi kudaleke i-tsunami. Kunemithethonqubo esungulwe izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nohulumeni ukuze baphendule ngempumelelo kule micimbi. Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngezinhlekelele zemvelo ngokuvamile, ngikumema ukuthi ufunde okwengeziwe mayelana .
Uma isixwayiso se-tsunami sikhishwa, kunconywa ukuthi ulandele le mihlahlandlela:
- Ngokushesha susa izindawo ezisogwini uye endaweni ephakeme.
- Lalela ulwazi oluvela kwabasemagunyeni bese ulandela imiyalelo enikeziwe.
- Ungabuyeli ogwini kuze kube yilapho iziphathimandla zibonisa ukuthi kuphephile ukwenza kanjalo.
- Yiba nohlelo lokuphuma komndeni futhi ululolonge njalo.
Imiphakathi yasogwini kumele izilungiselele ukuphendula ngokushesha uma kwenzeka isixwayiso. I imikhankaso yokuqwashisa mayelana nama-tsunami kubalulekile ukujwayeza abantu ngobungozi kanye nezenzo okufanele zilandelwe. Imfundo nolwazi kungamathuluzi abalulekile okuqinisa ukusimama komphakathi lapho ubhekene nalezi zinhlobo zezinhlekelele. Ngokufunda mayelana ama-tsunami anemisebe, ngokwesibonelo, singaziqonda kangcono izinsongo esibhekana nazo.
Ukuqonda ukuthi zenzeka kanjani nokuthi singazilungiselela kanjani kubalulekile ekudambiseni imiphumela yazo elimazayo kanye nokuvikela izimpilo. Ulwazi lungamandla futhi lungenza umehluko omkhulu esimweni esiphuthumayo se-tsunami.
