Sonke siyazi, noma ngokufunda izindaba, ukuzibona ezindabeni noma ukuzwa, lokho ukuzamazama komhlaba Bayakwazi ukucekela phansi imigwaqo, izakhiwo kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zokwakha. Kodwa bangaphinde baguqule isimo sezwe... noma imbulunga uqobo lwayo.
Futhi ngabe lokho kuhlolwa kwakamuva kukhombisa lokho ukuzamazama komhlaba kushintsha izinto ezinwebeka koqweqwe lomhlaba. Kuyamangalisa, akunjalo?
Ukuqhuma komhlaba
Kepha okokuqala, ake sibheke ukuthi uqweqwe lomhlaba luyini.
La Ukuqhuma komhlaba Iwungqimba lwamadwala angaphandle eplanethi. Ngempela kulungile kakhulu, ugqinsi olungaba amakhilomitha angu-5 olwandle, nogqinsi olungafika kumakhilomitha angu-70 ezindaweni ezinezintaba. Uqweqwe njengoba silwazi namuhla lumayelana 1700-1900 million iminyaka. Kwenziwa umehluko phakathi kwe-oceanic, ehlanganisa u-78% womhlaba womhlaba, kanye nezwekazi. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngalesi sihloko, ungathintana ne uqweqwe lolwandle futhi i Ukuqhuma kwezwekazi.
Ukuzamazama komhlaba kwakheka kanjani
Njengoba sazi, iplanethi, uma sikhuluma ngokwezwe, ibukeka njengephazili ngenxa yokwehluka amacwecwe e-tectonic (ebizwa nangokuthi amapuleti lithospheric) ekhona. Lapho kwakheka ukungezwani okukhulu phakathi kwabo, uyadedelwa, kanjalo kubangele ukuzamazama komhlaba.
Ukuzamazama komhlaba kungaziguqula kanjani izinto ezinwebeka koqweqwe?
Ukuzamazama komhlaba kungabangela abanye amakhilomitha ambalwa, kodwa manje iqembu eliholwa Andrew Delorey, evela e-US National Laboratory e-Los Alamos, kanye Kevin Chao, be-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) eCambridge, eU.SA, bathole ukuthi lapho ukucindezeleka kubangela amaphutha amabili anyakazayo, amandla akhishwa ngendlela yamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba.
La magagasi, lapho edlulela kwesinye isifunda esinamaphutha, aguqula ukuqina okuvumela ukuthi uqweqwe lukwazi ukumelana nengcindezi. Ngakho-ke, isimo sengcindezi yesakhiwo naso siyashintsha, okungagcina kubangele ukuzamazama okusha komhlaba. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe mayelana nokuthi lezi zenzakalo zixhumene kanjani, ungafunda mayelana ukuzamazama komhlaba nama-tsunami.
Umhlaba uyiplanethi enamandla kakhulu kunalokho ongase ucabange ekuqaleni.
Izici ezinwebekayo zoqweqwe lomhlaba
Ukunwebeka koqweqwe lomhlaba kuyisisekelo sokuqonda ukuthi kungani ukuzamazama komhlaba kwenzeka nokuthi kuthinta kanjani umhlaba. Lapho i- amadwala Bangaphansi kokucindezeleka, ukukhubazeka futhi ukugcina amandla. La mandla akhululwa ngokuzumayo lapho ukungezwani kudlula umkhawulo wokunwebeka kwempahla, okubangela ukunyakaza okungazelelwe noma ukuphuka.
Le nqubo ingabonwa ngeso lengqondo imodeli ye-elastic rebound ehlongozwe ngu UHarry Fielding Reid. Ngokwale modeli, njengoba amapuleti e-tectonic ehamba, ayakhubazeka ngenxa yokungqubuzana. Lapho ukucindezeleka okuqoqiwe kwanele ukunqoba amandla amadwala, ukushelela kungazelelwe kwenzeka futhi amandla agciniwe akhululwa ngendlela yamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba.
Ngokujwayelekile, amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba angahlukaniswa abe yizinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko:
- Amagagasi e-P (Okuyinhloko): Lawa amagagasi acindezelayo nawe-longitudinal ahamba ngokushesha kunanoma yiliphi elinye igagasi lokuzamazama komhlaba.
- Amagagasi e-S (Okwesibili): Lawa amagagasi aguquguqukayo akwazi ukuhamba kuphela ezintweni eziqinile futhi anensa kunamagagasi angu-P.
- Amagagasi angaphezulu: Lezi yizona ezihamba kancane futhi ezibhubhisa kakhulu, njengoba zisakazeka emhlabeni wonke.
La isivinini sokusabalalisa Ubukhulu bala magagasi buncike ezintweni ezibonakalayo zoqweqwe, njengokuminyana nokunwebeka. Ngakho-ke, ukucwaninga kwamagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba akusisizi nje kuphela ukuthi siqonde ukuzamazama komhlaba, kodwa futhi ukuthola ulwazi esakhiweni sangaphakathi seplanethi. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokuzamazama komhlaba, bheka isihloko esithi ukuzamazama komhlaba.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva mayelana nokuzamazama komhlaba
Ucwaningo lwakamuva luye lwathola ukuthi ukuzamazama komhlaba akuthinti nje indawo eseduze, kodwa imiphumela yakho ingazwakala kude. izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha kude. Lokhu kuhlobana kuhlolisisiwe futhi kwabhalwa embikweni ohlukahlukene.
Ucwaningo oluthile lubonisa ukuthi izakhiwo ezinwebekayo zoqweqwe loMhlaba zingashintshwa phakathi nendawo efinyelela ku- 6000 amakhilomitha ngephutha elikhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amagagasi e-seismic ahamba ngezingqimba ezihlukene zomhlaba angathinta ukunwebeka nokushuba kwesimo kwezinye izindawo, abeke kusengaphambili ukuzamazama komhlaba okuzayo. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngalesi sihloko, ngincoma ukuthi ufunde mayelana ne izindawo ezisengozini enkulu yokuzamazama komhlaba eSpain.
Iphethini yomsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba
Umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba eMhlabeni ungahlaziywa ukuze kuhlonzwe amaphethini namathrendi. Isibonelo, izifunda lapho ukuzamazama komhlaba kwenzeka njalo kuvame ukuba sezindaweni ze ukuhlangana amapuleti e-tectonic, njengaku I-Pacific Ring of Fire.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela imvamisa zokuzamazama komhlaba kulezi zindawo ukuze uqonde kangcono imijikelezo yomsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba. Amamodeli okubikezela ngokuzamazama komhlaba ayaqhubeka nokuguquguquka, futhi kuye kwasungulwa izindlela zokuzama ukubikezela ukuzamazama komhlaba okuzayo ngokusekelwe kudatha yomlando neyokwakheka komhlaba. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokubikezela ukuzamazama komhlaba, ungafunda isihloko esithi ukubikezela kokuzamazama komhlaba.
Okokugcina, izikhungo ezifana ne I-National Geographic Institute futhi i National Seismological Centre Bahlale beqapha umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba futhi banikeze ulwazi olubalulekile lokuvimbela nokulungiselela ukuzamazama komhlaba okungase kube khona.
Umthelela wokuzamazama komhlaba emphakathini
I-Los ukuzamazama komhlaba kungadala umonakalo omkhulu kwingqalasizinda kanye nempilo yabantu yansuku zonke. Umthelela wokuzamazama komhlaba awukalwa kuphela ngokokulimala ngokomzimba, kodwa nangomphumela wawo ongokwengqondo emiphakathini ethintekile.
Kubalulekile ukucabangela izici ezifana nalezi:
- Isivinini sokusabela kwabezimo eziphuthumayo.
- Ukulungiselela abantu ngezinhlelo zemfundo kanye nokuzivocavoca.
- Izinga lezakhiwo kanye nezakhiwo ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene.
- Izinhlelo zokuphuma kanye nezindawo zokukhosela eziphephile zabantu.
Ukuhlaziywa kokuzamazama komhlaba kubonise ukuthi uhlobo lwenhlabathi nezimo ezithile zokuma komhlaba zingakhulisa imiphumela ebhubhisayo yokuzamazama komhlaba. Amadolobha akhiwe phezu kwenhlabathi angase abe nomonakalo omkhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nalawo akhiwe emadwaleni aqinile. Ukwengeza, izibonelo ezimbalwa zokuthi ukuzamazama komhlaba kuthinta kanjani imiphakathi ehlukene zingatholakala endabeni ye ukuzamazama komhlaba e-Ecuador.
Ukuvinjelwa komonakalo kanye nokunciphisa ubungozi bokuzamazama komhlaba kubalulekile ekuphepheni komphakathi futhi kufanele kube yinto ehamba phambili kuzinqubomgomo zokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zasemadolobheni nezasemaphandleni.
Namuhla, ucwaningo lokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nezinguquko zezakhiwo ezinwebekayo ze-Earth crust sekuyindawo ebalulekile yocwaningo. Ukuqonda lezi zenzakalo akusizi nje kuphela ukusindisa izimpilo, kodwa futhi kwakha umhlaba okwazi ukumelana nezinhlekelele zemvelo. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngamandla okuzamazama komhlaba, vakashela Lesi sihloko.
Ulwazi olwengeziwe nezinsiza
Kulabo abathanda ukufunda kabanzi nge-seismology nokuzamazama komhlaba, lezi zinsiza ezilandelayo ziyanconywa:
Ukuqonda ukuziphatha koqweqwe lomhlaba kubalulekile ekuphepheni kwabantu kanye nokuhlelwa kwedolobha. Intuthuko yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe iyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ikhono lethu lokubikezela nokunciphisa imiphumela yokuzamazama komhlaba okuzayo.
