La umkhathi Yimvilophu enegesi ezungeza uMhlaba futhi exhunywe kuwo ngamandla adonsela phansi. Lolu ungqimba olubalulekile aluqukethe nje amagesi abalulekile ukuze kuphile izinto eziphilayo, kodwa futhi lusebenza njengesivikelo emisebeni yelanga eyingozi futhi lubalulekile emjikelezweni wamanzi. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngokubaluleka komkhathi emhlabeni wethu, ungavakashela umkhathi woMhlaba.
Kusukela ekubunjweni kwayo cishe 4600 izigidi zeminyaka, umkhathi uye waba nezinguquko eziningana ezibalulekile ekubunjweni kwawo. Ekuqaleni, umkhathi wawuhlanganiswe kakhulu ne-carbon dioxide (CO2), engenawo umoya-mpilo omncane noma engekho. Kwaba kuphela ngomsebenzi we-photosynthetic wezinto eziphilayo zokuqala lapho umoya-mpilo waqala ukunqwabelana khona, ekugcineni kwakha umoya ofana nalowo esiwaziyo namuhla. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokwakheka komkhathi, bheka Lesi sihloko mayelana nokwakheka komkhathi.
Umkhathi ungahlukaniswa ube izingqimba ezivundlile ezichazwe ngokuguquguqukayo okuhlukene, njenge ingcindezi, izinga lokushisa, ukuminyana, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali y isimo samangqamuzana kagesi kanye namagnetic. Lezi zendlalelo azifani kuwo wonke umhlaba, njengoba ukujiya nezici zazo kungahluka kakhulu kuye ngendawo yendawo kanye nezimo zezulu. Mayelana nezingqimba zomkhathi, ukuhlaziya okuningiliziwe kungatholakala ku Lo mthombo osezingqimbeni zomkhathi.
Ngezansi kunencazelo enemininingwane yezendlalelo eziyinhloko zomkhathi, kusukela ebusweni boMhlaba kuye kuphumele ngaphandle emkhathini:
1. I-Homosphere
La i-homosphere Idlulela endaweni ephakeme cishe 80 km. Kulolu ngqimba lokuqala, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali amagesi akufani ngokuqhathaniswa. Lapha, imithetho efanelekile yegesi iyasebenza, futhi ukuxubana okuqhubekayo kwezingxenye zomkhathi kuyaqashelwa, okuholela ekuhlukeni kokuminyana nokucindezela ezindaweni eziphakeme ezihlukene. I-homosphere yilapho izimo zezulu ezikhula khona futhi iningi lezehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibhekana nazo zenzeka. Izinguquko zesakhiwo somkhathi, okuhlanganisa i-homosphere, zibalulekile ekuqondeni isimo sezulu, ngakho-ke zizwe ukhululekile ukufunda okwengeziwe Lesi sihloko mayelana nokuhlukahluka kwezinga lokushisa nokuphakama.
2. I-Heterosphere
Ngaphezulu kwe-homosphere kukhona i-heterosphere, eqala endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha angu-80 futhi idlulele emkhathini. Kulesi sifunda, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kuqala ukuhluka, njengoba amagesi alula, njenge-helium ne-hydrogen, evame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezingaphezulu, kuyilapho amagesi asindayo, njenge-oxygen ne-nitrogen, atholakala eduze noMhlaba. Lapha ukucindezela kanye nezinga lokushisa kwehla kakhulu, futhi ingxube yegesi ifana kancane. Ukuze uthole ulwazi mayelana nezigigaba kulesi sendlalelo, sincoma ukuthi uvakashele Lesi sihloko mayelana nomoya.
I-heterosphere ihlukaniswe ngama-sublayers amaningana: ungqimba lwe-nitrogen (kufika ku-200 km), ungqimba lwe-athomu ye-oxygen (phakathi kuka-200 no-1.000 km), kanye nongqimba lwe-helium (phakathi kwe-1.000 ne-3.500 km). Ukuhlukaniswa kwegesi kwenzeka ngenxa yokusabalalisa, okuholela ekwehleni kokuminyana njengoba ukuphakama kukhuphuka.
3. I-Troposphere
La troposphere Iwungqimba oluseduze kakhulu noMhlaba, oluhluka ngobude phakathi 9 no-18 km kuye ngendawo: ephansi emapalini nangaphezulu enkabazwe. Le ngubo yomoya ayigcini nje kuphela ngokuphatha iningi lempilo eMhlabeni, kodwa futhi iqukethe cishe 75% yobuningi bomkhathi. Kulolu ungqimba, izinga lokushisa liyehla ngokuphakama, lenze isilinganiso sokuncipha cishe 0.65 °C nge-100 m lokuphakama. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokuthi lezi zendlalelo zisebenza kanjani, siphakamisa ukuthi ufunde Lesi sihloko mayelana nezingqimba Zomhlaba.
I-troposphere yilapho izimo zezulu ezifana nemvula, imimoya, neziphepho zenzeka khona. Phezulu kwe-troposphere kukhona ukuyeka kancane, ephawula umngcele phakathi kwe-troposphere ne-stratosphere, lapho izinga lokushisa lihlala lingashintshile, futhi umsebenzi we-convective uncishisiwe. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezinhlobo zamafu ezakha kulesi singqimba, bheka Lesi sihloko mayelana ne-altocumulus.
4. I-Stratosphere
La stratosphere isukela ku-tropopause, etholakala cishe 15 km phezulu, kuze kufike ku-stratopause 50 km phezulu. Kulo ungqimba, izinga lokushisa liqala ukwanda ngokuphakama, isenzakalo esibangelwa ukuba khona kwe- ungqimba lwe-ozone. Lolu ngqimba lwe-ozone lubalulekile, njengoba lumunca iningi lemisebe yelanga eyingozi e-ultraviolet, ngaleyo ndlela ivikele ukuphila eMhlabeni. Ukuze ujule ekuhlobaneni kwalesi sendlalelo, vakashela Lesi sihloko esimayelana nongqimba lwe-ozone.
I-ozone igxile phakathi kwe- 20 no-30 km lokuphakama. I-stratosphere yilapho futhi izindiza zezentengiselwano zindiza khona ukuze zigweme imiphumela enyakazayo ye-troposphere.
5. I-Mesosphere
Itholakala phakathi kwe- 50 no-85 km kwe-altitude, i mesosphere Iwungqimba olubanda kakhulu lomkhathi, olunamazinga okushisa angehla -85 ° C ekuphakameni kwayo okuphezulu. Lesi ungqimba lapho ama-meteorite ehlukana khona ngenxa yokuminyana okuphezulu komkhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izenzakalo zenkanyezi edubulayo zenzeka kulesi sifunda. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokuthi lezi zenzakalo zenzeka kanjani, bheka Lesi sihloko sichaza ukwakheka kwamafu e-cirrus.
La mesopause igama elisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela emngceleni ongaphezulu walesi sendlalelo.
6. I-Thermosphere
La i-thermosphere, esukela ku 85 km up 600 km, ihlangabezana nokwenyuka okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa, elingafinyelela ku 1500 ° C. Kulolu ungqimba, i-ionization yamagesi ivelele, okwenza kube nokwakheka kwezibani ezisenyakatho naseningizimu. Njengoba amagesi enziwa i-ionized, aba yizinhlayiya ezishajwa ngogesi ezithinta ezokuxhumana ngomsakazo nezinye izinhlelo zobuchwepheshe. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi izinga lokushisa lihluka kanjani nokuphakama, vakashela .
I-International Space Station izungeza kulolu ungqimba, isebenza njengendawo yokucwaninga yamazwe ngamazwe.
7. Exosphere
La umkhathi Iwungqimba olungaphandle kakhulu lomkhathi, olusuka ukusuka 600 km up 10.000 km. Kulolu ungqimba, amagesi ayivelakancane kakhulu futhi asesimweni se-athomu, okusho ukuthi anethuba eliphansi kakhulu lokushayisana. Lesi singqimba siqukethe amasathelayithi ahamba kancane kanye ne-geostationary, futhi futhi yisifunda lapho umkhathi uqala ukuhlangana nomkhathi ongaphandle. Lapha, iziphuphutheki zihamba ngesivinini esikhulu, futhi umkhathi cishe awukho.
I-exosphere nayo ibamba i- Amabhande kaVan Allen, okuyizifunda zemisebe enamandla lapho izinhlayiya ezishajiwe zivaleleka yinkambu kazibuthe Yomhlaba. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nendlela umkhathi wamanye amaplanethi uma uqhathaniswa nowethu, sikumema ukuthi ufunde Lesi sihloko esimayelana nomoya we-Jupiter.
Umthelela Wokuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Ekwakhekeni Komkhathi
Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi umsebenzi womuntu ushintsha ukwakheka komkhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, i amagesi abamba ukushisa zenze i-troposphere yanda futhi i-stratosphere yancipha. Lesi simo singase sibe nesibopho sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nemvamisa yezehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu. Ukuze uthole umbono obanzi ngomphumela wamagesi abamba ukushisa, ungavakashela Lesi sihloko sokuguqulwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa abe amatshe.
I-tropopause, ehlukanisa i-troposphere ne-stratosphere, inyuke kakhulu emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, okubonisa ukuthi ungqimba lomkhathi oseduze nokuphila eMhlabeni luyaqina njengoba ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke kuqhubeka. Lokhu kuqina kungaholela ekushubeni okukhulu kwezivunguvungu nezinye izimo zezulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuncipha kwe-stratosphere kuye kwahlotshaniswa nezinguquko ekusakazeni kwezinga lokushisa, okubonisa ukuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuyaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela emkhathini ngezindlela eziningi, okugqamisa isidingo esiphuthumayo sokubhekana nokukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa.
Umkhathi, ekuhlukaniseni kwawo okuyinkimbinkimbi, awuyona nje ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila eMhlabeni, kodwa futhi uyinkomba ebalulekile yezinguquko zemvelo esibhekana nazo. Kubalulekile ukuthi siqhubeke nokufunda nokuqonda lezi zinguquko ukuze sivikele iplanethi yethu futhi siqinisekise ikusasa elisimeme.
