Omunye wemibuzo ososayensi nabantu abajwayelekile abahlale bezibuza wona ukuthi ngabe kukhona umngcele wesikele phakathi komkhathi nomkhathi ongaphandle. Kuyaziwa ukuthi umkhathi uba mncane futhi unciphe njengoba ufinyelela ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu ukusuka ebusweni bomhlaba uze unyamalale. Kodwa-ke, kunomkhawulo womkhathi obaluleke kakhulu ezinhlosweni zezindiza. Lo mkhawulo womkhathi waziwa njenge Umugqa weKármán.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke odinga ukukwazi Umugqa we-Kármán nezici zawo nokubaluleka kwayo.
Izici eziyinhloko
Kuyaziwa ukuthi umkhathi awupheli ngokungazelelwe endaweni ethile futhi echaziwe. Kutholakale ukuthi umkhathi uba mncane futhi ube mncane njengoba ukuphakama kukhuphuka. Kwabanye ososayensi, umkhathi womhlaba uphelela endaweni lapho izingqimba zomhlaba zingaphandle. Okungukuthi, lezi zingqimba ezingaphandle zomkhathi Ziyaziwa ngegama le-thermosphere ne-exosphere. Ukube lo mbono ubuyiqiniso, umkhathi womhlaba ubuzofinyelela cishe amakhilomitha ayi-10.000 XNUMX ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.
Ukuminyana komoya kuyehla njengoba sikhuphuka ngobude. Ngakho-ke, kulokhu ukuphakama ukuminyana komoya kuphansi kangangokuthi kakade kungase kubhekwe njengento engaphandle. Enye, incazelo edinga kakhulu yomkhawulo womkhathi ibheka ukuthi igcina lapho ukuminyana komkhathi kuba phansi kakhulu. Lokhu kwaziwa njengoba isivinini indiza engasithola ukuze sifinyelele ukuphakama kwe-aerodynamic ngamaphiko futhi ophephela kufanele baqhathaniswe nesivinini se-orbital salokho kuphakama okufanayo. Ngalezi zibalo, ukuphakama kunganqunywa ngalezi zindlela zamaphiko futhi azisavumelekile ukugcina umkhumbi. Ngakho-ke, Yilapho umkhathi ubuzophela khona bese kuqala isikhala sangaphandle.
Ebhekene nalokhu kukhathazeka, ulayini waseKármán uvelile ukuthola ukuthi umkhawulo phakathi komkhathi nomkhathi ongaphandle.
Umugqa weKármán
Ulayini weKármán usungulwa njengencazelo engenakuphikiswa ngokususelwa ekucabangeni kohlobo lwezindiza. Okungukuthi, kungashiwo ukuthi kungumkhawulo okhona phakathi komkhathi nomkhathi ongaphandle wezinhloso zezindiza nezomkhathi. Yize kunjalo ngokwemvelo Awukho umkhawulo onjalo kepha uyanyamalala njengoba uthuthukela ekuphakameni, kunezintshisekelo ezahlukahlukene zezindiza nezomkhathi ukusungula ulayini waseKármán.
Incazelo yolayini we-Kármán yamukelwe yi-International Aeronautical Federation. Lo mfelandawonye unesibopho sokusungula wonke amazinga omhlaba kanye nokubona amarekhodi ku-aeronautics kanye ne-astronautics. Ukuphakama komugqa we-Kármán kukuhleleka kwamakhilomitha ayi-100, kepha amakhilomitha ayi-122 asetshenziselwa ukuba nesethenjwa. Isethenjwa esivela kulayini wokungena kabusha mkhathi.
Umugqa weKármán nezendlalelo zomkhathi
Ukuze ubeke kumongo ukubaluleka komugqa waseKármán lapho, yazi ukuma kwawo maqondana nezinye izingqimba zomkhathi. Sichaze ukuthi ukuphakama kwayo bekucatshangelwa ukuthi kube ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi kwamakhilomitha ayi-100 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Lokhu kuphakama kwabekwa nguTheodore von Kármán, yingakho igama layo. Kwasungulwa ngokubala ubude lapho ubungako bomoya buba buphansi kakhulu khona ukuthi ijubane lendiza ukufeza ukuphakama komkhathi usebenzisa amaphiko kanye nophephela kufanele kulinganiswe nejubane le-orbital lalokhu kuphakama okufanayo.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho ufinyelela kulokhu kuphakama lapho umugqa weKármán usungulwa khona, izimpiko bezingeke zisasebenza ukugcina umkhumbi ngoba ukuminyana komoya kuncane kakhulu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ibhanoyi lingahlala lintanta kuphela uma lilokhu lihamba emoyeni. Kungenxa yalokhu ukuthi amaphiko akhiqiza ukuphakama uma kubhekwa isivinini sokunyakaza emoyeni. Uma indiza ibimiswa emoyeni ibingeke ikwazi ukuhlala endaweni ngoba ukuminyana akwanele.
Lapho umoya uba mncane, indiza kufanele ihambe ngokushesha ukuze ikhiqize ukuphakama okwanele ukuze igweme ukuwa. Lokhu kwenza kube mnandi ukwazi phakamisa i-coefficient yephiko yendiza ye-engeli enikeziwe yokuhlasela. Into ihlala ku-orbit kuphela inqobo nje uma ingxenye emaphakathi yokusheshisa kwayo yanele ukuqeda amandla adonsela phansi. Siyazi ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi aphushela ngasemkhathini woMhlaba, ngakho-ke into idinga isivinini sokuskrola esiphakeme kakhulu. Uma lesi sivinini sincipha, ingxenye ye-centrifugal nayo izokwehla futhi amandla adonsela phansi azodala ukuthi ukuphakama kwayo kwehle ize iwele.
Ulwazi lomzimba
Ijubane elidingekayo lokulingana libizwa nge-orbital velocity futhi liyahluka ngobude be-orbit. Ukuze i-shuttle space ku-Earth orbit idinga isivinini se-orbital esingamakhilomitha angama-27.000 ngehora. Endabeni yebhanoyi elizama ukundizela phezulu, umoya uba mncane kakhulu futhi lokhu kuphoqa indiza ukuthi inyuse ijubane layo lokudala ukuphakama emoyeni.
Ngakho-ke, kuyaziwa ukuthi umugqa we-Kármán uwumqondo ohlobene kakhulu mayelana nokuphakama. Njengoba intshisekelo yayo i-aerodynamics, ayinakho ukuqina okukhulu kwesayensi. Umoya umane uyancipha ukuminyene futhi ugcine usunokumelana okuncane kakhulu futhi ufinyelele emkhathini ongaphandle.
Ulayini waseKármán usetshenziswa njengomqondo ohlobene nokuphakama futhi kukwenza kufaneleke ukukhulisa ijubane lokuhamba nge ukuthola i-aerodynamic lift noma isinxephezelo ngokudonsa kwamandla adonsela phansi. Lapho sizozijwayeza, siyabona ukuthi konke lokhu kucatshangelwa kuyehluka njengoba ubukhulu be-orbit bukhuphuka. Siyazi ukuthi lapho ubukhulu be-orbit bukhulu kakhulu sinokudonsa okuncane kwamandla adonsela phansi. Siyakhumbula ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi angamandla amandla adonsela phansi aletha entweni eqonde ebusweni bomhlaba. Kodwa-ke, kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi kukhona ukusheshisa okuphezulu kwe-centrifugal kwejubane elifanayo lomugqa.
Kusuka kubo kungaphethwa ngokuthi umugqa we-Kármán awuwunaki lo mphumela ngenxa yesivinini se-orbital ukuze kube okwanele ukugcina noma yikuphi ukuphakama kungakhathaliseki ukuminyana komkhathi.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngomugqa weKármán nezici zawo.