El umfula i-amur Iwuhlelo lomfula olutholakala entshonalanga ye-Asia. Ibhekwa njengesizinda samazwe ngamazwe ngoba ihlanganisa izingxenye zaseMongolia, eRussia naseChina. Njengoba ubude bamakhilomitha angu-2.824, umfula i-Amur ungumfula we-XNUMX omude kunayo yonke emhlabeni.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela zonke izici, umsuka nokubaluleka komfula i-Amur.
Izici eziyinhloko
Umfula i-Amur uhlanganisa indawo engaba amakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi eziyi-1.855, lapho i-54% ingeyaseRussia. I-44,2% ingeye-ROC kanti i-1,8% esele iseMongolia. Inogeleza obuyisilinganiso esingu-10.900 m3/s, yehla kakhulu ebusika ize ifike ku-200 m3/s ngenxa yomphumela oyiqhwa wombhede womfula. Esinye sezici ezigqama kakhulu ze-Amur Basin ukungaziwa kwayo okuhlobene. Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwayo ku-ecosystem kanye nomnotho wendawo, ibanga layo ukusuka entshonalanga liyivimbele ekutholeni ukunakwa okuncane.
Isimo Sezulu Somfula i-Amur
Isimo sezulu esisesigodini sase-Amur sithonywa ama-monsoon asempumalanga kanye nezixuku zomoya opholile ovela enyakatho. Umehluko wokushisa phakathi kobusika nehlobo ungafinyelela ku-51°C.
Ebusika, ingxenye esenyakatho impela yomgodi inezinga lokushisa elincane elingu -33°C. Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu lifinyelelwa ehlobo, lihlaselwe umoya we-subtropical, lifinyelela izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu likaJulayi, elinokushisa okuphezulu kwama-22°C.
Ngaphezu kwengxenye yemvula yaminyaka yonke yalesi sigodi kwenzeka ehlobo, lapho izifundo zesimo sezulu zibalulekile. Ukusatshalaliswa kwayo akulingani: phakathi kuka-600 no-900 mm eningizimu nezindawo eziseduze nolwandle, ubuningi obungama-600 mm engxenyeni yawo emaphakathi futhi kusukela ku-300 kuya ku-400 mm enyakatho.
Umfula i-Amur umfula owondliwa ngamanzi emvula. Lezi zivela ikakhulukazi izimvula zezimvula ezinkulu. Uma isifikile emfuleni, imvula idala izikhukhula ezisukela ngoMeyi kuya ku-Okthoba. I-Amur ifinyelela ezingeni layo eliphansi lamanzi phakathi kuka-April no-March.
Ngokwesiko iye yakhiqiza izikhukhula emathafeni nasemaxhaphozini, nokho, eminyakeni yemvula enamandla ikakhulukazi ingakhukhula ezindaweni lapho igeleza khona emiseleni, okubangele ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezomnotho. Entwasahlobo iba nesikhukhula sesibili esincane, okubangelwa ukuncibilika kweqhwa elaliwela ngasemfuleni ebusika.
Ukungcola
Imikhuba yezolimo emhlabeni wesigodi sase-Amur ibangele ukungcoliswa kwamanzi ageleza olwandle. Isimo samanzi asigcini nje ngokubeka engcupheni izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane, kodwa siwenza angabi namsebenzi ekusetshenzisweni komuntu ngenxa yobuthi obuphezulu.
Ngo-2005, umfula i-Amur wahlaselwa ukuchitheka kwamakhemikhali ngephutha. Lesi sigameko sithinte ngqo enye yemiselekazi yawo, umfula iSonghua esifundazweni saseJilin eChina.
Ukuqhuma kwemboni yamakhemikhali kwathumela amathani angaba ngu-100 emfucuza emfuleni. Ngenxa yalokhu, uhulumeni waseShayina kudingeke ukuthi amise ukukhishwa kwamanzi emfuleni i-Songhua, ohlinzeka abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-3,8, ngenkathi eqala umkhankaso wokuhlanza nokuhlanza lo mfula obalulekile we-Amur.
Imisebenzi ehlukahlukene e-Amur Basin ithathwa njengeyingozi emvelweni, okuhlanganisa izimayini, irabha yokwenziwa, i-petroleum kanye nokucutshungulwa kwe-pulp. Amakhemikhali asemanzini anamanzi kanye nenzika izazi zemvelo ezikhathazeke kakhulu ngazo yi-benzene, pyrene, nitrobenzene, ne-mercury.
Ohulumeni baseShayina nowaseRussia ngokubambisana baqapha izinga lamanzi e-Amur River Basin ukuze banciphise ukungcoliswa kwawo futhi banciphise umthelela wamanzi awo endaweni ezungezile yasePacific.
Ingozi yezomnotho kanye nemvelo yoMfula i-Amur
Ukudoba kuwumsebenzi oyinhloko wezomnotho ngasemfuleni i-Amur. Lo msebenzi uyindlela yokuziphilisa futhi uyisici esibalulekile ekulolongeni impilo yabantu bomdabu bakulesi sifunda. Njengamanje, ukudoba kuthuthuka ngokuhambisana nokuhwebelana kwemifula ngenxa yokusungulwa kwamachweba amaningi e-Amur nemingenela yayo.
Lezi zikhumulo ziyakwazi ukuhamba phakathi nezinyanga lapho isiteshi singenaqhwa.. Umsebenzi wezomnotho e-Amur kanye nemifula yayo yathinteka ngenxa yokungezwani kwezokuxhumana kweSino-Russian, ikakhulukazi phakathi kuka-1960 no-1990. Ukusayinwa kwesivumelwano kukhuthaza ukubambisana phakathi kwalawa mazwe womabili ukuze kwandiswe amaphrojekthi ahlobene nokuthuthukiswa kwe-nautical, ezolimo kanye nogesi wamanzi.
Phakathi kuka-1950 no-1990, i-Amur Basin eNyakatho neChina yagawulwa kakhulu amahlathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinkuni zisetshenziselwa ukuhlinzekwa kwasekhaya, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukushisa kulungiselela inhlabathi yezolimo.
Ngo-1998, izimvula zasekwindla zazinamandla kakhulu, zabangela izikhukhula ezinkulu endaweni. Ukuntuleka kwezimila kwenza ukuba kungenzeki ukumunca amanzi, okwabangela izikhukhula ezinkulu ezilahlekelwe abantu kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo. Kusukela lesi sigameko, uhulumeni waseChina ugxile ekuvikeleni amahlathi nokuzama ukuvimbela izikhukhula.
Emakethe encintisana kakhulu, iRussia yaqala ukugawula amahlathi ayo asempumalanga ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zomakhelwane bayo base-Asia, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlaza lunendima engakanani ekuvimbeleni izikhukhula nokuguguleka.
Enye inkinga ethinta umgodi ukudoba ngokweqile. Izinhlobo ezimbili zama-sturgeon ezikhona emfuleni i-Amur zinenani elikhulu lezentengiselwano futhi zifakwe ohlwini njengezilwane ezisengozini. Izibonelo ezisele azikhiqizi ngokushesha ngokwanele ukuhlangabezana nesidingo semakethe yomhlaba. Kukhona futhi ukudoba okusemthethweni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezimaphakathi neziphansi zoMfula i-Amur.
Ukwakhiwa kwamadamu amasha okulawula izikhukhula kanye nokuphehlwa kukagesi ngamanzi ngezinye izinkinga ezihlanganise intando yabalondolozi bezindawo zokongiwa kwamanzi. Ukulawulwa kombhede womfula i-Amur kanye imisele yawo ibeka engcupheni izitshalo nezilwane ze-ecosystem, okuyizindawo ezingamaxhaphozi ezisengozini kakhulu.
Amachibi anciphisa umoya-mpilo emanzini futhi avimbele izilwane ezifudukayo zasemanzini ukuba zithuthele ezindaweni zazo zokukhwelana kanye nokuzalela, okubeka ukuphila kwalezi zinhlobo engcupheni.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngomfula i-Amur nezici zawo.