Namuhla siza nolunye udaba oluchaza ngokuphila komuntu ngomunye wososayensi ababaluleke kakhulu abasize isayensi ukuthi ibe yilokhu eyikho namuhla. Sikhuluma ngakho UJohn dalton. Ungusokhemisi-physicist kanye ne-meteorologist othuthukise ukwakheka kwanamuhla kwemfundiso yama-athomu. Le ndoda ayitholanga ukufundiswa okuningi noma imfundo, kepha ukulangazelela kwayo ukwazi konke kwenza ukuqeqeshwa kwayo kuthuthuke kakhulu.
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe ungafunda ngakho konke ukuxhashazwa kukaJohn Dalton nendaba yakhe kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekugcineni. Ngabe ufuna ukwazi kabanzi ngaye? Qhubeka ufunde.
I-Biography
Imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala yesayensi yayiphathelene namagesi futhi isifo esibukwayo ayenaso, esasibizwa ngobumpumputhe bombala ukuhlonipha igama layo. Yisifo esenza ungaboni imibala ethile ngaphakathi kwesibonisi esibonakalayo.
Lapho eseqashelwa njengososayensi, wasungula isikhundla esiqinile kwezemfundo. Ngemva kokucwaninga okungaka wathola lokho esikwazi ngokuthi uMthetho Wezilinganiso Eziningi, ohlobene ne Imodeli ye-athomu kaDalton. Lona umthetho ochaza isisindo sezakhi ezihilelekile ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali. Wasuka lapho wakwazi ukusungula ithiyori ngomthethosisekelo wendaba futhi yabizwa Imodeli ye-athomu kaDalton. Le ndlela yesayensi yayisebenza phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye futhi ngenxa yayo intuthuko enkulu ingafinyelelwa emhlabeni wamakhemikhali.
Konke lokhu okutholakele kumholele ekubeni ngomunye wobaba bamakhemikhali.
Uthisha nomcwaningi ngasikhathi sinye
UJohn Dalton wayenemisebenzi yomibili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Bobabili bamnikeze idumela elibalulekile kanye nesimo sezezimali esingcono kakhulu ukuze akwazi ukuzinikela ngokugcwele emisebenzini yakhe. Ngo-1802 wasungula umthetho wokucindezelwa okuyingxenye (owaziwa ngokuthi umthetho kaDalton) encwadini yesikhumbuzo enesihloko esithi. Ukumunca amagesi ngamanzi nolunye uketshezi. Le mbono yaveza ukuthi ingcindezi inhlanganisela yegesi enayo ilingana nenani lezingcindezi zento ngayinye.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu, uDalton wasungula ubudlelwano obuhle phakathi ingcindezi yomphunga wamagesi kanye nezinga lokushisa. Ngalokhu kuyaziwa ukuthi, njengoba izinga lokushisa kwegesi likhuphuka, kanjalo nengcindezi eliyenzayo esikhaleni esivaliwe. Ngale ndlela nangalezi zimiso, isitsha sasekhishini esazi namuhla ukuthi umpheki wengcindezi usebenza.
Intshisekelo yakhe ngamagesi yayingenxa yesithakazelo esikhulu ayenaso ezifundweni zesimo sezulu, okwamholela ekubeni ahlole kaningi ngomkhathi futhi ahlole izinto ezihlukahlukene. izakhiwo zamagesi. Wayehlala ephethe amathuluzi okulinganisa ukuguquguquka komkhathi. Wayethanda ukufunda ngomkhathi futhi wabhala konke ayekubonile encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo. Ngenxa yaleli lukuluku, uJohn Dalton ube nesandla ekuthuthukisweni okuningi kwesayensi.
Umthetho wezilinganiso eziningi
Kakade ngo-1803 waqala ukwakha lokho okungaba umnikelo wakhe omkhulu kwezesayensi. Kuze kube manje akusikho ukuthi wenze okuncane, kepha ukuthi yilokhu okuzomenza athuthuke kakhulu. Konke kubuyela kolunye lwezinsuku zakhe ngenkathi ese-laboratory yakhe efunda indlela i-nitric oxide enayo ne-oxygen. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho athola khona ukuthi ukusabela kungaba nokulingana okuhlukile. Kwesinye isikhathi kungaba ngu-1: 1,7, kwesinye isikhathi kube ngu-1: 3,4. Lokhu kwehluka kobukhulu kwakungeyona into angayiqonda kahle, kepha ngenxa yayo wakwazi ukubona ubudlelwano phakathi kwayo yonke imininingwane futhi wasungula ukuthi ubuyini uMthetho Wezilinganiso Eziningi.
Lo mthetho uthi ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali, izisindo zezinto ezimbili zihlala zihlangana ndawonye ngezilinganiso zezinombolo eziphelele. Ngenxa yalokhu kuhumusha, wakwazi ukuqala ukuqaphela izimiso zokuqala ze-athomu ye-athomu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le mibono yahlobana nalokho esikwaziyo namuhla ithiyori ye-athomu.
Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo yayimihle kakhulu futhi yakhulunywa ngomlomo ngawo lowo nyaka. Ngemuva kweminyaka yokubhala, ngo-1808 umsebenzi wakhe odume kakhulu washicilelwa encwadini. Incwadi yaqanjwa ngegama Uhlelo olusha lwefilosofi yamakhemikhali. Kule ncwadi ungaqoqa yonke imibono eyinhloko yama-athomu kanye nezindawo ezahlukahlukene zethiyori yento esiyaziyo namuhla njengoMthetho kaDalton. Ukuqhubeka nokuchazwa, wadweba izinhlayiya ezithile ukuze, ngomfanekiso, abantu bakwazi ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi ukusebenza kwamakhemikhali kusebenza kanjani.
Ngaphandle kwakho konke lokhu, ukwazile ukushicilela uhlu lokuqala lwezisindo ze-athomu nezimpawu namuhla okuyingxenye yetafula lezikhathi ezithile. Ngokumangazayo, akuwona wonke umphakathi wesayensi owavuma umbono kaDalton.
Ukuphela komsebenzi wakhe
Ngo-1810 ingxenye yesibili yencwadi yashicilelwa. Kule ngxenye unikeze ubufakazi obusha mayelana nezifundo zakhe ngokwamandla. Ngale ndlela wakwazi ukukhombisa ukuthi umbono wakhe wawuyiqiniso. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, ngo-1827, Ingxenye yesithathu yombono wakhe yavela. UDalton wazibona enguthisha hhayi njengomcwaningi. Yize wayeyilungu leRoyal Society kusuka ngo-1822 futhi wazuza indondo kulo mphakathi wezesayensi ngo-1825, wayehlale ethi uziphilisa ngokunikeza amakilasi nezinkulumo.
Ngokunikezwa konke ukwesabisa kwakhe empilweni yakhe yonke, ngo-1833 wanikezwa impesheni yonyaka. Iminyaka yokugcina yempilo yakhe wayichitha ethatha umhlalaphansi futhi ngoJulayi 27, 1844 wabulawa yisifo senhliziyo. Ngokwesifiso sikaDalton, kwenziwa isidumbu ukuze kubonwe imbangela yesifo sakhe sokubuka. Eminyakeni eyalandela yabonwa njengobumpumputhe bombala.
Kwakwaziwa ukuthi lesi sifo sasingeyona inkinga esweni, kodwa inkinga ebangelwa ukuntuleka kwamandla emizwa. Ngenxa yazo zonke izimangaliso negalelo lakhe elikhulu kwezesayensi, wangcwatshwa ngezihlonipho ze-monarch umngcwabo omkhulu ohanjelwe ngabantu abangaphezu kuka-400.000.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, uJohn Dalton wayengusosayensi ongomunye okwazi ukuqhubekisela phambili futhi anikele emhlabeni wesayensi ngenxa yelukuluku nokubekezela kocwaningo lwakhe. Lokhu kusenza sifunde ngokubaluleka kokuzinikela kulokho esikuthanda kakhulu nokuthi izimpilo zethu zigxile kukho.