Kuwo wonke umlando, abantu baye bakhangwa ukuze bathole ukuqonda inkimbinkimbi yezwe elisizungezile. Ekuqaleni kwakukholelwa ukuthi zonke izinto zingancishiswa zibe izakhi ezine eziyisisekelo: amanzi, umhlaba, umlilo nomoya. Nokho, njengoba amasu okuhlola ayethuthuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwaba sobala ukuthi uhlobo lwendaba luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili. Ngakho-ke isidingo sokuhlela izakhi zamakhemikhali kanye nethebula le-periodic. I umlando wethebula le-periodic Ihlanganisa yonke into kusukela kumsuka kuya ekulungisweni esinakho namuhla.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela umlando wethebula le-periodic kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okungaguquki elibe nakho kuwo wonke umlando.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ithebula le-periodic ligcwalisa imisebenzi eminingi emkhakheni wamakhemikhali. Kuyithuluzi elihlela futhi lihlele zonke izakhi ezaziwayo ngokusekelwe esakhiweni sazo se-athomu kanye nezakhiwo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, Isiza osokhemisi babikezele ukuziphatha kwezakhi kanye nokusabela kwazo nezinye izakhi. Ukwengeza, ithebula le-periodic linikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nezakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zezakhi, okuhlanganisa inombolo yazo ye-athomu, uphawu, nesisindo se-athomu. Kuphinde kube yinsiza ebalulekile yokuhlonza nokuqamba izakhi ezintsha ezitholakele. Ngokuvamile, ithebula le-periodic lihlala liyingxenye eyisisekelo nebalulekile yocwaningo lwamakhemikhali.
Ekuqaleni yadalwa nguDimitri Mendeleev, usokhemisi waseRussia ngo-1869. Kubhekwa kabanzi njengesambulo esibaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wamakhemikhali. Ukuhleleka okuyinkimbinkimbi kwama-elementi kusize ikhono lokulindela ukutholwa kwezakhi zamanoveli, kuyilapho kuvumela ukuphishekela uphenyo lwethiyori ezakhiweni ezazingahloliwe ngaphambilini.
Ithebula le-periodic okwamanje lakhiwe ngezinto eziyi-118, ezihlelwe zaba imigqa eyisikhombisa evundlile eyaziwa ngokuthi "izikhathi" kanye namakholomu aqondile angu-18 abizwa ngokuthi "amaqembu." U-Dimitri Mendeleev, usokhemisi waseRussia, uthathwa njengengxenye ebalulekile emlandweni wamakhemikhali. nakuba engakaze athole uMklomelo KaNobel. Njengokuhlonipha iminikelo yakhe, i-chemical element enenombolo ye-athomu engu-101 etafuleni le-periodic yaqanjwa ngokuthi i-mendelevium (Md) ngo-1955.
Umlando wethebula le-periodic
Ukuqanjwa kwethebula le-periodic kwaba umphumela wokuqoqwa kancane kancane kolwazi kanye nokutholwayo kukhemistri. Ngo-1789, u-Antoine Lavoisier washicilela uhlu lwezinto ezingu-33 encwadini yakhe ethi Elementary Treatise of Chemistry. Ngo-1817, U-Johann Döbereiner waphawula ukuthi ezinye izakhi zingahlelwa ngamasethi amathathu anezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezifanayo. Le ndlela yokuhlukanisa iyisandulela esibalulekile emlandweni wethebula le-periodic.
Emuva ngo-1862, u-Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois wahlela izakhi ngenxeba elizungeza isilinda ngokuvumelana nezisindo zazo ze-athomu. Kamuva ngalowo nyaka, UJohn newlands Uhlongoze ukuthi izakhi ziphinda izakhiwo zazo zonke izinto zesishiyagalombili, ezifana ne-octave yomculo, esungula ubuhlobo obuthakazelisayo ne ukuhlelwa kwamanye amasistimu ezikhathi ezithile. Ekugcineni, ngo-1869, u-Dmitri Mendeleev washicilela inguqulo yakhe ye-Periodic Table, eyala izakhi ngokwandisa izisindo ze-athomu nokushiya izikhala zezakhi ezingatholakali. Leli lungiselelo lavumela uMendeleev ukuba abikezele izakhiwo zalezi zakhi ezingatholakali, okuholela ekutholakaleni kwe-gallium ne-germanium.
Umsuka neziqalo
Umsuka wale ndaba uhlehlela ezikhathini zasendulo, lapho izazi zefilosofi zangaphambi kukaSocrates ziqala ukuchaza izici ezine eziyisisekelo: amanzi, umlilo, umoya nomhlaba. Lezi ziphakamiso zokuqala zanwetshwa kamuva nguPlato no-Aristotle, abethula umbono wento yesihlanu eyaziwa ngokuthi i-quintessence noma i-ether. Insimu ye-alchemy, enomfanekiso wayo ohamba phambili i-Paracelsus, yakhelwe phezu kwale mibono futhi yethula imibono ye-transmutation kanye nethiyori yesibabule ne-mercury. I-elementi entsha, usawoti, nayo yengeziwe kule ngxube, futhi ukutholakala kwe-zinc kwathuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu lezi zingxenye ezibalulekile.
Ngekhulu le-1817, ososayensi emkhakheni wamakhemikhali baqala ukuhlukanisa izakhi ngokusekelwe ezicini ezabiwe zezakhiwo zabo ezingokomzimba namakhemikhali. Phakathi nenkathi esukela ku-1829 kuya ku-XNUMX, usokhemisi waseJalimane uJohan Dobereiner wenza intuthuko ekuhlukaniseni izakhi ezithile zibe ngamaqembu amathathu. La maqembu ayebizwa ngokuthi ama-triad ngenxa yokufana kwezakhi zawo zamakhemikhali. Omunye walabo abathathu Yakhiwe nge-chlorine (Cl), i-bromine (Br) ne-iodine (I). U-Dobereiner waphawula ukuthi isisindo se-athomu se-bromine sasifana ngokumangalisayo nesisindo esimaphakathi sakho kokubili i-chlorine ne-iodine.
Ngeshwa, ukuqoqwa kwazo zonke izici zibe ama-triad akuphumelelanga futhi imizamo yokuphakamisa ukuhlukaniswa kwama-elementi ibinganele. Nokho, umsebenzi wakhe wawubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo ukuqonda isakhiwo se-athomu kwezici.
Ukuvela komlando wethebula le-periodic
Ngo-1862, isazi sokuma komhlaba saseFrance okuthiwa u-Chancourtois sathola iphethini ye-periodicity phakathi kwezakhi zetafula. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, uChancourtois wahlangana noNewlands, usokhemisi oyiNgisi, ukuze bethule uMthetho We-Octaves, owawuthi izakhiwo ziphindaphinda zonke izici eziyisishiyagalombili. Nokho, Lo mthetho wawulinganiselwe kuma-elementi kuphela kuze kufike ku-calcium. Naphezu kokuntuleka kwayo, lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwabeka izisekelo zokuthuthukiswa kwethebula le-periodic.
Maphakathi nekhulu le-63, ososayensi base behlonze izakhi ezihlukene ezingu-1860, kodwa ukuvumelana kwakungekho phakathi kosokhemisi mayelana nokuhlukaniswa nokuhlelwa kwalezi zakhi. I-International Congress of Chemists yokuqala, eyabanjelwe eKarlsruhe, eJalimane, ngo-XNUMX, yayihloselwe ukuphendula le mibuzo futhi yabonakala ingumcimbi omkhulu.
Engqungqutheleni, uStanislao Cannizzaro, usokhemisi wase-Italy, wachaza ngokucacile umqondo wesisindo se-athomu, okuyisisindo se-athomu esihlobene se-elementi. Umsebenzi wakhe waphefumulela abahlanganyeli abathathu abasha benkomfa, uWilliam Odling, uJulius Lothar Meyer, noDimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, ukudala amatafula okuqala abalulekile okuhlela izakhi. Umsebenzi wakhe wawuyisinyathelo esibalulekile esiya kokufanele inhlangano yezinto zamakhemikhali.
Ngo-1869, uDimitri Mendeleev, usokhemisi waseRussia, wanyathelisa ithebula lakhe lokuqala lezakhi ze-athomu, elihlelwe ngendlela ekhuphukayo yesisindo se-athomu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, usokhemisi waseJalimane ogama lakhe lingu-Lothar Meyer washicilela ithebula lakhe le-periodic, kodwa ngama-elementi a-odwe ukusuka kwephansi kakhulu kuya kwephezulu kakhulu kwe-athomu. I Itafula likaMendeleev lakhiwe ngokuvundlile, enezikhala ezibekelwe izakhi ezazisazotholwa ngaleso sikhathi.
Umnikelo kaMendeleev emkhakheni we-chemistry wawuguquguquka ngempela. Wenza izibikezelo futhi washiya izikhala kuthebula le-periodic lezinto ezazingakatholakali, okuhlanganisa i-gallium (1875), i-scandium (1879), i-germanium (1887), ne-technetium (1937). Ngo-1913, usokhemisi oyiNgisi ogama lakhe lingu-Henry Moseley wenza izifundo ze-X-ray ukuze anqume ukushaja kwenyukliya noma inombolo ye-athomu yento ngayinye. Esebenzisa le ndlela, wakwazi ukuhlukanisa izakhi ngokulandelana okukhuphukayo kwenombolo ye-athomu, isimiso esisasetshenziswa nanamuhla.
