Ezweni eliya ngokugcwala, izindawo ezimbalwa eziluhlaza ezisele zithathelwa indawo ngukhonkolo futhi zivimbele izindawo ezibukeka kahle; hhayi ngeze, sonke sifuna okungenani ifulethi elilodwa lapho singahlala khona. Kodwa-ke, inani labantu basemadolobheni landa ngokushesha, futhi ngokwenza lokho idolobha lethu liba yilokho okwaziwa ngokuthi »isiqhingi sokushisa emadolobheni». Lesi simo siye saba sobala kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, asithinti nje kuphela ukunethezeka kanye nezinga lempilo yabantu abahlala emadolobheni, kodwa futhi nempilo yabo.
Kepha inkinga ayigcini lapho, kepha yile mizi eshisiwe kuzoba nezindleko zesimo sezulu eziphakeme kakhulu ukwedlula lezo ezingekho, ngokusho kocwaningo olushicilelwe ephephabhukwini elithi "Isimo Sezulu Semvelo."
El ukutadisha, lapho kwahlaziywa khona amadolobha ayi-1692, kubonisa lokho imiphumela yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu ingabiza iziqhingi zokushisa zasemadolobheni izikhathi eziphindwe ka-2,6 ngaphezuluNjengoba lo mphumela ungadala ukuthi izinga lokushisa lenyuke ngama-degree amabili ngonyaka ka-2050. Vele, uma kushisa kangako, i-air conditioning isetshenziswa kakhulu futhi, kaningi, kuncanyelwa ukuthatha imoto ngaphambi kokuhamba. Sekukonke, esikwenzayo ukunciphisa izinga lomoya namanzi, okuholela ekuguleni okwengeziwe nasekufeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Ngakho-ke, ababhali balo msebenzi, ososayensi abavela eNyuvesi yaseSussex (e-United Kingdom), eNational Autonomous University of Mexico nase-University of Vrije (Amsterdam), bathi kulula ukukhetha ukufaka uphahla nezindawo ezibonisa ukukhanya kwelanga, kanye nokwandisa izindawo eziluhlaza emadolobheni. Lokhu kuhambisana nezinye izifundo zokuthi ukwanda kwezikhala eziluhlaza kunganciphisa kanjani ukushisa isiqhingi umphumela.
Amadolobhakazi, nakuba ehlanganisa kuphela i-1% yendawo yomhlaba, akhiqiza cishe u-80% weGross World Product kanye kudla cishe u-78% wamandla omhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bayikhaya labantu abangaphezu kwengxenye yabantu bomhlaba. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo ukuze bonke laba bantu bakwazi ukuphefumula umoya ohlanzekile kakhulu kunanamuhla. Lezi zinyathelo zibalulekile ukubhekana nalokhu imithelela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Siyini isiqhingi sokushisa sasemadolobheni?
Isiqhingi sokushisa sasemadolobheni siyinto ebangela amazinga okushisa aphezulu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo zasemakhaya ezizungezile. Lokhu kunyuka kwezinga lokushisa kubonakala kakhulu ebusuku, okungaholela ezinkingeni zempilo nenduduzo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu abasengozini kakhulu. Izimbangela eziyinhloko zalesi simo zihlanganisa ukuntuleka kwezimila, lo ubukhona bezindawo ezingangeneki futhi i ukuqoqwa kokushisa ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu.
Umthelela empilweni nasenhlalakahleni
Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ephephabhukwini Isayensi Yendawo Yonke ihlaziye umthelela wesiqhingi esishisayo ekulalisweni nasekufeni emadolobheni amahlanu aseSpain: iMadrid, iBarcelona, iValencia, iMalaga, neMurcia. Umphumela utholwe ubonwa ngokuyinhloko emazingeni okushisa amancane, okungukuthi, amazinga okushisa asebusuku, angaba ngu-11.2°C phezulu edolobheni uma kuqhathaniswa namaphethelo alo.
Abacwaningi baphawule ukuthi amazinga okushisa amancane asemadolobheni ahlobene ngokuqondile nengozi yokufa nokugula. Emadolobheni asogwini, le ngozi ibonakala kakhulu ngamazinga okushisa amancane, kuyilapho emadolobheni amaphakathi nezwe, ihlotshaniswa kakhulu namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Lokhu kugqamisa ukubaluleka kokucabangela izici zendawo zendawo nesimo sezulu lapho kuhlolwa izingozi zezempilo ezihlobene neziqhingi zokushisa. Le miphumela ibalulekile, ikakhulukazi uma ihlobene ne- ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu eSpain. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda kwe- Amazinga okushisa aphezulu angakhuphula izinga lokufa.
Izinto ezibhebhethekisa isiqhingi sokushisa
- Ukuminyana kwesakhiwo: Izindawo zasemadolobheni zivamise ukuba nokugcwala okuphezulu kwezakhiwo ezigcina ukushisa.
- Izinto zokwakha: Ukusetshenziswa kwe-asphalt nokhonkolo kunomthelela ekumunceni nasekugcineni ukushisa.
- Ukuntuleka kwezimila: Ukunciphisa izikhala eziluhlaza kunciphisa imiphumela yokupholisa yemvelo.
- Umsebenzi womuntu: Ukusetshenziswa kwe-air conditioning nezimoto kudala ukushisa okwengeziwe.
Izinyathelo zokunciphisa umphumela wesiqhingi sokushisa
Kutuswa ukusebenzisa amasu okunciphisa umphumela wesiqhingi sokushisa emadolobheni futhi kuthuthukiswe izinga lempilo yabahlali bakhona. Ezinye zalezi zinyathelo zihlanganisa:
- Ukufaka uphahla nama-pavements abonisa ukukhanya kwelanga: Ukukhetha izinto ezinombala okhanyayo ezibonisa imisebe yelanga kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukwakheka kokushisa.
- Ukwandiswa kwezindawo eziluhlaza: Ukwandisa izindawo eziluhlaza zasemadolobheni, njengamapaki nophahla oluluhlaza, kunganikeza umthunzi futhi kunciphise amazinga okushisa.
- Ukukhuthaza ukuhamba okuzinzile: Ukuphromotha ezinye izindlela zokusetshenziswa kwemoto, njengokuhamba ngezinyawo, ukuhamba ngebhayisikili, noma ukusebenzisa izinto zokuhamba zomphakathi, kunciphisa ukushisa okukhiqizwa yithrafikhi.
- Izinyathelo zokubhekana nesimo sezulu: Qalisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zesimo sezulu ezihlanganisa izindawo zokukhosela zesimo sezulu kanye nezindawo ezipholile zomphakathi.
Ukuqaliswa kophahla olupholile ezakhiweni kuyindlela yokunciphisa umphumela wesiqhingi sokushisa ngokushesha nangokuqhubekayo. Ngokusho kwe Umnyango Wezamandla waseCaliforniaLezi zimbozo zinganciphisa izinga lokushisa lomoya kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla, okubuye kunciphise ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 futhi kuthuthukise izinga lomoya.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe- upende okhanyayo kuma-pavement nama-facade Kungase futhi kube nomthelela ekwehleni okukhulu kwamazinga okushisa asemadolobheni. Lezi zindlela azizuzi nje kuphela indawo yasemadolobheni, kodwa futhi zakha izindawo ezikhululekile nezijabulisayo zezakhamuzi. Leli su libalulekile ukubhekana nemiphumela emibi ye ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu futhi i impilo yezilwane.
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nobudlelwano baso neziqhingi zokushisa zasemadolobheni
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kwandisa umphumela esiqhingini sokushisa, njengoba ukunyuka kwamazinga okushisa embulunga yonke kwenza isimo sibe sibi kakhulu emadolobheni. Lesi sici sibalulekile, njengoba ukuxhumana phakathi kweziqhingi zokushisa zasemadolobheni kanye nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke kungase kubangele ukwanda kwemvamisa nokuqina kwamagagasi okushisa, okubeka impilo yabantu engcupheni. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi inhlanganisela yalezi zici ingase ibangele amazinga okushisa aphakeme ngokungavamile, okuthinta ngokwengeziwe inani labantu basemadolobheni.
Isimo sesiqhingi sokushisa asiyona into entsha; ifundwe kusukela ngekhulu le-18. Kodwa-ke, ukwanda kwezindawo zasemadolobheni kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuye kwakhulisa umfutho wako, okuthinta izinga lempilo ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, inhlanganisela yamazinga okushisa aphezulu ebusuku namagagasi okushisa kubeka engcupheni impilo engathi sína, okuhlanganisa izinkinga zokuphefumula, izinkinga zenhliziyo, kanye namazinga okufa ayanda. Isimo samanje siholela ekutheni sizibuze kungakanani ukushisa okukhulu okungabekezelelwa.
Amathemba esikhathi esizayo nokubaluleka kocwaningo lwasendaweni
Njengoba amadolobha eqhubeka nokukhula, ucwaningo lwasendaweni oluhlonza imiphumela yesiqhingi sokushisa kanye nobudlelwano bawo nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubalulekile. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu okuzivumelanisa nedolobha elithile, kucatshangelwa izici ezifana nezwe, isiko, nengqalasizinda yedolobha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela ukutshalwa kwezimali kwingqalasizinda eluhlaza kungasiza ukulwa nale miphumela.
Izinqubomgomo zasemadolobheni kufanele zihlanganise izifundo zendawo ukuze kubhekwane nokuba sengozini kwamagagasi okushisa. Ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi ekwakhiweni kwezindawo zasemadolobheni kungathuthukisa ukuqina futhi kukhuthaze izakhamuzi ezinempilo enhle. Ngale ndlela, singasebenzela ikusasa ledolobha elizinzile elithatha indawo yezindawo ezibonakalayo ngezinhlelo ezikhuthaza indawo enempilo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingenwa kalula ukwakhiwa kokushisa, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili maqondana ne abamba ukushisa.
