La Umthetho kaBoyle yatholwa uRobert Boyle ekhulwini le-XNUMX futhi yabeka izisekelo zokuchaza ukuhlobana phakathi kwengcindezi nomthamo okhona kumagesi. Ngochungechunge lokuhlola, wakwazi ukukhombisa ukuthi uma izinga lokushisa lihlala njalo, igesi inciphisa umthamo wayo lapho ingaphansi kokucindezela okukhulu, futhi iyanda ngevolumu uma ukucindezela kuncipha.
Kulesi sihloko, sizokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana noMthetho kaBoyle, izici zawo, nokubaluleka kwawo.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ngo-1662, uRobert Boyle wathola ukuthi ukucindezela kwegesi kuphambene nomthamo wayo kanye nenani lamavukuzane lapho izinga lokushisa lingashintshi. Ngamanye amazwi, uma ingcindezi efakwe kugesi iphindwe kabili, igesi efanayo izocindezelwa futhi umthamo wayo uzokwehliswa ngesigamu. Lokhu kutholakala kuyisisekelo ekuqondeni i chemistry yesimanje.
Njengoba umthamo wesitsha esiqukethe igesi ukhula, ibanga okufanele izinhlayiya zilihambe ngaphambi kokushayisana nezindonga zesitsha nalo liyakhula. Lokhu kunyuka kwebanga kuvumela imvamisa yokushaqeka ukuthi yehle, ngakho-ke ingcindezi odongeni ingaphansi kunangaphambili lapho ivolumu ibincane.
Umthetho kaBoyle watholwa okokuqala ngo-1662 nguRobert Boyle. U-Edme Mariotte wayengomunye usosayensi owacabanga futhi wafinyelela iziphetho ezifanayo nekaBoyleNokho, uMariotte akazange ayinyathelise incwadi yakhe kwaze kwaba ngu-1676. Yingakho ezincwadini eziningi sithola lo mthetho obizwa ngokuthi uBoyle noMariot's Law Boyle-Mariot Law, owaziwa nangokuthi uMthetho KaMatut, owasungulwa isazi sesayensi yemvelo saseBrithani nosokhemisi uRobert. Yakhiwa ngokuzimela nguBoyle kanye nesazi sefiziksi saseFrance kanye nesazi sezitshalo u-Edmé Mattout.
Kubhekiselwa komunye wemithetho ehlobanisa umthamo nokucindezela kwegesi nenani elithile legesi eligcinwe ezingeni lokushisa elingashintshi. UMthetho kaBoyle usho lokhu okulandelayo: Ingcindezi ekhishwa amandla ihambisana ngokuphambene nomthamo wegesi inqobo nje uma izinga lokushisa lihlala linjalo. Noma kalula nje, singakuhumusha ngokuthi: ekushiseni okungaguquguquki okuphezulu, umthamo wesisi esinqunyiwe ulingana ngokuphambene nokucindezela okuqhubekayo okwenzayo.
Ukuhlolwa nokusetshenziswa komthetho kaBoyle
Ukufakazela imfundiso yoMthetho kaBoyle, uMariot wayephethe ukwethulwa kwegesi kusilinda ngepiston futhi wakwazi ukuqinisekisa izingcindezi ezihlukene ezadalwa njengoba ipiston yehla. Kucatshangelwa kulokhu kuhlolwa ukuthi njengoba ivolumu ikhula, ukucindezela kuyehla.
Umthetho kaBoyle usebenza kaningi ekuphileni kwanamuhla, kuhlanganise nokutshuza, isibonelo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umtshuzi kufanele akhiphe umoya emaphashini akhe uma ekhuphuka ngoba uyakhula uma umfutho wehla. Ukwehluleka ukwenza lokho kungabangela ukulimala kwezicubu. Lesi simiso sibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi imithetho yegesi isebenza kanjani kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo ekutshuzeni emanzini.
Itholakala kuzo zonke izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezisebenzisa noma ezisebenza ngamandla omoya, njengezingalo zerobhothi ezisebenzisa izingxenye ezifana namapistoni womoya, ama-actuator, izilawuli zokucindezela, namavalvu okusiza ukucindezela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zihlobene ngokujulile nokutholwa kwabanye ososayensi, njenge URobert hooke.
Izinjini zikaphethiloli, igesi yemvelo, nezinjini zikadizili nazo zisebenzisa umthetho kaBoyle lapho zivutha ngaphakathi, ngenxa yokuthi uma umoya uqala ukungena kusilinda unevolumu eyanele nokucindezela, okwesibili wehlisa ivolumu njengoba umfutho ukhuphuka. Lesi simo sibonisa indlela izakhiwo zamagesi ezibaluleke ngayo ekusebenzeni kwezinjini, okuhlobene Uphenyo lukaCavendish ekuziphatheni ngokomzimba kwamagesi.
Izimoto zinezinhlelo ze-airbag ezisebenza ngokukhipha inani elithile lomoya noma igesi ekamelweni elifinyelela ku-airbag yangaphandle, lapho ukucindezela kuncipha futhi ivolumu iyanda ukugcina izinga lokushisa elihlala njalo.
UMthetho kaBoyle ubaluleke kakhulu namuhla ngoba umthetho okhuluma nathi futhi ochaza indlela amagesi aziphatha ngayo. Kuchaza nakanjani ukuthi ukucindezela kanye nevolumu yegesi kuhambisana ngokuphambene. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukucindezela kusetshenziswa igesi, umthamo wayo uyancipha futhi ukucindezela kwawo kuyanda.
imodeli yegesi ekahle
Umthetho we-Boyle-Mariotte usebenza kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi amagesi afanelekile, imodeli yasetiyetha eyenza kube lula ukuziphatha kwanoma iyiphi igesi, kucatshangwa ukuthi:
- ama-molecule egesi zincane kangangokuthi akudingekile ukucabanga ngobukhulu bazo, ikakhulukazi uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi leli lincane kakhulu kunebanga abalihambayo.
- Futhi, ama-molecule awahlangani kancane, ngaphandle kwalapho zishayisana kafushane, futhi lapho zishayisana, ukushayisana kuyanwebeka, ngakho kokubili umfutho namandla ekinetic ayalondolozwa.
- Ekugcineni, ake sithi la mandla e-kinetic alingana nezinga lokushisa lesampula legesi, okungukuthi, lapho izinhlayiya zinyakaza kakhulu, izinga lokushisa liyanda.
Amagesi alula, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi angobani, alandela le mihlahlandlela ngokuqinile ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile zezinga lokushisa nokucindezela (okungukuthi: 0ºC nomfutho womoya womkhathi (i-atmospheric engu-1). Kulawa magesi, umthetho we-Boyle-Mariotte uchaza ukuziphatha kwawo ngokunembe kakhulu. .
Njengoba i-P∙V ihlala njalo ekushiseni okunikiwe, uma ukucindezela kwegesi kushintsha, ivolumu iyashintsha ukuze umkhiqizo uhlale ufana, ngakho-ke ezifundeni ezimbili ezihlukene 1 no-2, ukulingana kungavezwa kanje:
P1∙V1 = P2∙V2
Bese ukwazi isimo esisodwa, kanye nokuguquguquka okuvela kwesinye isifunda, ungakwazi ukwazi okuguquguqukayo okungekho ngokukususa emthethweni we-Boyle-Mariot.
Umlando Womthetho KaBoyle
Usokhemisi waseBrithani. Iphayona lokuhlola emkhakheni we-chemistry, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zamagesi,
Ithesis kaRobert Boyle mayelana nokuziphatha kwento ezingeni lezinhlayiyana yayiyisandulela sethiyori yesimanje yezinto zamakhemikhali. Ubuye waba yilungu elisungula iRoyal Society yaseLondon.
URobert Boyle wazalelwa emndenini ohloniphekile e-Ireland futhi wafunda ezikoleni ezihamba phambili zesiNgisi nezaseYurophu. Kusukela ngo-1656 kuya ku-1668 wasebenza njengomsizi kaRobert Hooke e-Oxford University, ebambisene naye ochungechungeni lwezivivinyo ezanquma izici ezibonakalayo zomoya nokuthi ushisa, uphefumula futhi udlulisa kanjani umsindo.
Imiphumela yale minikelo yaqoqwa kweyabo «Ukuhlolwa okusha komshini wokunwebeka komoya kanye nemiphumela yawo» (1660). Ohlelweni lwesibili lwalo msebenzi (1662), wembula impahla edumile yamagesi, umthetho we-Boyle-Mariotte, owathi umthamo ogcwele igesi emazingeni okushisa avamile uhambisana ngokuphambene nokucindezela kwawo. Namuhla kuyaziwa ukuthi lo mthetho ugcwaliseka kuphela lapho kwamukelwa ukuziphatha okuhle kwethiyori kwamagesi.