La amandla adonsela phansi amandla aheha izinto ezinobunzima komunye nomunye. Amandla ayo ancike kubukhulu bento. Ingenye yezindlela ezine eziyisisekelo zokusebenzisana ezaziwayo futhi ingabizwa nangokuthi "i-gravitation" noma "ukusebenzelana kwamandla adonsela phansi." Amandla adonsela phansi amandla esiwazwayo lapho umhlaba udonsela izinto eziwuzungezile endaweni yawo, njengamandla abangela ukuba izinto ziwe. Iphinde ibe nesibopho ngamaplanethi azungeza ilanga, nakuba ekude nelanga, asakhangwa ubukhulu balo.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi yini amandla adonsela phansi, yiziphi izici nokubaluleka kwawo.
Ayini amandla adonsela phansi futhi atholakala kanjani
Ukuqina kwala mandla kuhlobene nesivinini samaplanethi: amaplanethi aseduze nelanga ayashesha futhi amaplanethi akude nelanga ayanensa. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi angamandla futhi, nakuba ethinta izinto ezinkulu kakhulu ngisho nasemabangeni amade, amandla awo ayancipha njengoba izinto ziqhelana.
Inkolelo-mbono yokuqala yamandla adonsela phansi yavela kusazi sefilosofi esingumGreki u-Aristotle. Kusukela ngesikhathi sokuqala, abantu baye baqonda ukuthi lapho engekho amandla okubasekela, izinto ziyabhidlika. Nokho, kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lesi-XNUMX BC. C. ukuthi izifundo ezisemthethweni zamandla "azowehlisa" zaqala. C, lapho isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki u-Aristotle sichaza umbono wokuqala.
Ngomqondo wawo jikelele, umhlaba uyinkaba yendawo yonke futhi, ngakho-ke, i-protagonist yamandla angabonakali, aheha yonke into. La mandla ayebizwa ngokuthi "ama-gravitas" ngezikhathi zamaRoma futhi ayehlobene nomqondo wesisindo, ngoba ayengahlukanisi phakathi kwesisindo nesisindo sezinto ngaleso sikhathi.
Lezi zinkolelo-mbono kamuva zashintshwa ngokuphelele uCopernicus noGalileo Galilei. Kodwa-ke, ngu-Isaac Newton owaqhamuka negama elithi "gravitation." Ngaleso sikhathi, umzamo wokuqala osemthethweni wokulinganisa amandla adonsela phansi wenziwa futhi kwasungulwa inkolelo-mbono ebizwa ngokuthi umthetho we-universal gravitation.
Amandla adonsela phansi akalwa ngokusekelwe kumphumela wawo, okungukuthi ukusheshisa oyiphrinta ezintweni ezihambayo, isibonelo, izinto ekwindla yamahhala. Emhlabeni, lokhu kusheshisa kubalwa cishe ku-9.80665 m/s2, futhi le nombolo ingahluka kancane kuye ngendawo yethu nokuphakama. Ukwengeza, kuyathakazelisa ukubona ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi awathinta kanjani amaplanethi afana ne-Mars uma kuqhathaniswa noMhlaba, ongawahlola ngokuqhubekayo Lesi sihloko futhi ku Lesi sixhumanisi sihlobene nomkhathi wase-Uranus.
Amayunithi Wokulinganisa
Ikala ukusheshisa kwento ekhangwe enye into enesisindo esikhulu.
Kuye ngokuthi yini ofuna ukuyifunda, amandla adonsela phansi akalwa ngama-magnitude amabili ahlukene:
- Amandla: Lapho kukalwa njengamandla, kusetshenziswa iNewton (N), okuyingxenye yoHlelo Lwezizwe Zonke (SI) oluqanjwe ngo-Isaac Newton. Amandla adonsela phansi amandla azwakalayo lapho into ethile ikhangwa enye. Ukwengeza, kuyathakazelisa ukubona ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi awathinta kanjani amaplanethi afana ne-Mars uma kuqhathaniswa noMhlaba, ongawahlola ngokuqhubekayo Lesi sihloko esikhuluma ngezinhlekelele zemvelo.
- Ukusheshisa. Kulezi zimo, ikala ukusheshisa okutholakala lapho into ikhangwe enye into. Ngoba ukusheshisa, iyunithi m/s2 isetshenziswa.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi uma kunikezwe izinto ezimbili, amandla adonsela phansi azwiwa into ngayinye ayafana ngenxa yesimiso sesenzo nokusabela. Umehluko ukusheshisa, ngoba ubukhulu buhlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, amandla omhlaba owasebenzisayo emzimbeni wethu alingana namandla asetshenziswa umzimba wethu emhlabeni. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi isisindo somhlaba sikhulu kakhulu kunomzimba wethu, umhlaba ngeke usheshe noma unyakaze.
Yini amandla adonsela phansi kumakhenikha wakudala
Amandla adonsela phansi abalwa kusetshenziswa umthetho kaNewton wamandla adonsela phansi emhlabeni wonke. Amandla adonsela phansi kumakhenikha wakudala noma we-Newtonian alandela ifomula ye-Newton ye-empirical, ephathelene namandla nezinto ezibonakalayo kuhlaka olumisiwe lwereferensi oludingekayo. Lokhu amandla adonsela phansi iyasebenza ezinhlelweni zokubuka ezinertial, ezibhekwa njengejwayelekile ngezinjongo zocwaningo.
Ngokusho kwe-classical mechanics, amandla adonsela phansi anqunywa ngokuthi:
- Amandla ahlala ekhangayo.
- Imele ububanzi obungapheli.
- Ibonisa amandla ahlobene ohlobo olumaphakathi.
- Lapho isondela kakhulu emzimbeni, inamandla amakhulu, futhi lapho isondela, iyancipha amandla.
- Ibalwa kusetshenziswa umthetho kaNewton we-gravitation yomhlaba wonke.
Lo mthetho wemvelo ubaluleke kakhulu ekutadisheni izigigaba eziningi zemvelo emhlabeni nasemkhathini. Ithiyori kaNewton ye-universal gravitation yayibhekwa futhi ibhekwa yizazi zefiziksi zaseBrithani. Nokho, theory ephelele kakhulu gravity yahlongozwa u-Einstein kumbono wakhe odumile wokuhlobana. Uma ungathanda ukuhlola okwengeziwe mayelana nendlela amandla adonsela phansi abonakala ngayo kwamanye amaplanethi, ungahlola umkhathi weNyanga.
Ithiyori ka-Newton iwukulinganiselwa kwethiyori ka-Einstein, ebalulekile lapho ufunda indawo yomkhathi lapho amandla adonsela phansi anamandla kakhulu kunalokho esibhekana nakho Emhlabeni. Uma unentshisekelo ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo, ungabonisana Lesi sihloko esimayelana nalokho senzeke ngenxa yezenzakalo ezihlobene namandla adonsela phansi, njengokuzamazama komhlaba noma izikhukhula.
Ngokusho kwe-relativistic mechanics kanye ne-quantum mechanics
Ngokusho kwe-relativistic mechanics, amandla adonsela phansi awumphumela wokuguquguquka kwesikhathi sendawo. I-relativistic mechanics ye U-Einstein waphula inkolelo kaNewton ezindaweni ezithile, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisebenza ekucatshangelweni kwendawo. Njengoba indawo yonke inyakaza, imithetho yakudala ilahlekelwa ukusebenza kwayo ebangeni eliphakathi kwezinkanyezi futhi akukho ndawo ebhekisela kuyo yonke indawo futhi ezinzile.
Ngokuvumelana ne-relativistic mechanics, amandla adonsela phansi awekho nje ngokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto ezimbili ezinkulu lapho zisondelene, kodwa ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwejiyomethri yesikhathi sendawo okubangelwa inqwaba yezinkanyezi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi angathinta ngisho nesimo sezulu.
Okwamanje ayikho ithiyori ye-quantum ye-gravity. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-subatomic particle physics esebenza ngayo i-quantum physics yehluke kakhulu ezinkanyezini ezinkulu kakhulu kanye nethiyori yamandla adonsela phansi ehlanganisa imihlaba emibili (i-quantum ne-relativistic).
Kuye kwaphakanyiswa imibono yokuthi umzamo wokwenza lokhu, njenge i-loop quantum gravity, ithiyori ye-superstring noma ithiyori ye-torsion quantity. Nokho, akukho neyodwa yazo engaqinisekiswa.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi iyini amandla adonsela phansi kanye nokubaluleka kwawo kwisayensi.